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Chapter 3: Biological Bases
of Behavior
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Heredity and Behavior
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Evolution and Natural Selection
• Charles Darwin- The Origin of Species• Natural Selection- theory that
favorable adaptations to features of the environment allow some members of a species to reproduce more successfully than others• What does this mean?
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Evolution and Natural Selection
Over time organisms producing more favorable traits for survival will become more numerous than othersAKA: Survival of the fittest
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Evolution and Natural Selection
• Short-term effects:
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Evolution and Natural Selection
• Long-term effects:
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Genotype vs. PhenotypeGenotype
• Inherited genetic structure from parents• Determines
development and behavior
Phenotype• Determines
observable appearance• Resulting from
interaction between genotype and environment
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Process of Natural SelectionEnvironmental Pressure
Competition
Selection of Fittest
Reproductive Success
Frequency of Genotype
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Language• Most important milestone for
human species
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Language• Vital for:• Instruction• Sharing experiences• Social Bonds• Transmitting wisdom
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Language• Basis for cultural evolution• Allows for rapid
adjustments to environmental changes• Culture is possible because
of the potential of human genotype changes
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Variation in Human Genotype
• Heredity- the inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors; transmission of traits from parents to offspring• Genetics- the study of heredity
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Basic Genetics• DNA is found in the nucleus of
each human cell• DNA- the physical basis for
genetic information• DNA is organized into genes• Genes- biological units of herdity
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Genes• Contain the instruction
for phenotypic traits: (some examples)- body build- physical strength- intelligence• Found on
chromosomes
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Sex Chromosomes• Contain coding for male or female
characteristics• Mother contributes “X” chromosome• Father contributes “X” or “Y”
chromosome• XX= female• XY= male
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Genes• 50% of genes in
common with siblings• Set of genes is unique• Difference in genes
and environment determine traits
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Goal• Important goal of psychology is
to understand the balance between your genetics and your environment
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Genes and Behavior• Human behavior genetics- unites
genetics and psychology to explore the relationship between inheritance and behavior
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Happiness• Researchers propose that happiness
has a strong genetic component, less than an environmental component• Is happiness set
at birth?
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Genes• Conclusion:
Genes you receive from your parents have broader effects than determining hair and eye colorSociobiologists use evolutionary explanations to analyze social behavior and social systems
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Sad Brain Happy Brain • Read “Sad Brain, Happy Brain”
and answer all questions on handout
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Biology and Behavior
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People to Know• Rene Descartes- French Philosopher
- human action is mechanical reflex to environmental stimulation
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People to Know• Sir Charles Sherrington-
- discovered reflexes are direct connections between sensory and motor nerve fibers- nervous system involves increasing and decreasing neural activity
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People to Know• Santiago Ramon y Cajal-
- detected gaps between adjacent neurons and theorized how info flowed from one to another
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People to Know• Donald Hebb-
- believed the brain was integrated series of structures (cell assemblies) performing specific functions
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Neuroscience• Neuroscience- study of the brain
and the links between brain activity and behavior
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Phineas Gage• Pre-accident: level-
headed, calm• Post-accident:
hostile, impulsive, extremely emotional, obscene language
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Phineas Gage• Loss of tissue revealed the
relationship between frontal lobes and control of emotional behavior
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Paul Broca• Studied brain’s role in language• Discovered area of brain connected
to language- now known as “Broca’s area”- translates thoughts into speech or signs
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Lesions• Researchers began method of
destroying or injuring brain tissue on purpose to study results• Damages are “lesions”• Experimental work on non-
humans only
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Lobes of the Brain
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People to Know• Walter Hess- pioneered use of
electrical currents in the brain- determined what part of the brain performs specific functions
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Recording Brain Activity• EEG- traces electrical activity of the brain• PET Scan- image produced by recording
radioactivity emitted by cells during different activities• MRI- scan of brain using radio waves and
magnetic fields• fMRI- combines PET and MRI
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The Nervous System
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Organization of Nervous System
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Brain Structures and Functions
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Brain• Brain- most important component of your
CNS• Brain Stem- regulates the body’s basic life
processes• Medulla- center for breathing, blood
pressure and heart rate• Pons- connects spinal cord with brain
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Brain• Reticular Formation- arouses cerebral
cortex to incoming sensory signals- responsible for consciousness and awakening from sleep- massive damage coma• Thalamus- channels incoming sensory into
to appropriate area of cerebral cortex
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Brain• Cerebellum- attached at base of
skull- responsible for body movement, posture, and equilibrium
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Brain
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Limbic System• Hippocampus- involved in the ability
to acquire memories- injury can effect recall of memory• Amygdala- role in emotional control
and formation of emotional memories
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Limbic System• Hypothalamus- regulates/maintains
homeostasis, involved in motivated behavior• Equilibrium- consistency of the
body’s internal conditions
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Cerebrum• Cerebrum- regulates brain’s higher
cognitive and emotional functions; 2/3s of brain• Cerebral Cortex- outer surface• Corpus Callosum- nerve fibers
connecting 2 hemispheres of cerebrum
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Cerebrum• Frontal Lobe- responsible for motor
control and cognitive activities- planning, decision making, goal setting• Parietal Lobe- responsible for
sensations, touch, pain, and temp; contains somatosensory complex
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Cerebrum• Occipital Lobe- contains primary
visual cortex• Temporal Lobe- contains primary
hearing
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Cerebrum• Motor Cortex- controls the actions of
the body’s voluntary muscles• Somatosensory Cortex- processes
information about temp, touch, body position, and pain; devoted to parts of body that provide sensory input (lips, tongue, thumb, index finger)
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Cerebrum• Auditory Cortex- receives
information from both ears processes auditory info• Visual Cortex- devoted to visual
input and transmits detailed visual info
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Cerebrum• Association Cortex- portion of the
brain where high level brain process occur, such as planning and decision making occur
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Cerebrum
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Hemispheric Lateralization• Info from the right visual field goes
to the left hemisphere- Vice versa• In most people this info is shared
quickly between the two hemispheres via the corpus callosum
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Hemispheric Lateralization• Speech is controlled by the left
hemisphere in most individuals• Speech is the most highly lateralized
function of the brain• This doesn’t mean the left hemisphere is
better!• Right hemi controls more manual tasks
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Hemispheric Lateralization• Conclusion:- The right hemisphere controls
the left side of your body- The left hemisphere controls the
right side of your body
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Who’s Better at What?• Look over the handout “Who’s Better
at What?”• Respond to the following questions:
- Do you agree/disagree with the info on the handout?- Are you a “left brain” or “right brain” person?
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Hemispheric Lateralization1. Women have greater density of
neurons in a portion of the temporal cortex involved in language
2. Different brain areas develop more strongly for men and women
3. Hemi’s of women’s brain shares more functions than men’s
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Neurons• Neuron- cell that receives, processes
and transmits into to other cells
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NeuronsPARTS:1.Dendrites- receive incoming signals2.Soma- cell body; contains nucleus; passes info to the axon3.Axon- conducts info away from soma to the terminal buttons
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Neurons4. Myelin Sheath- covers axon to increase speed of info
- MS cells attack and deteriorate myelin sheath
5. Terminal Buttons- bulb-like structures through which neurons stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons; release neurotrans.
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Types of Neurons1. Sensory (Afferent) Neurons- carry messages
from sense receptor cells towards the CNS (sensitive to light and sound)
2. Motor (Efferent) Neurons- carry messages away from CNS towards muscles and glands
3. Interneurons (in brain)- relay messages from sensory neurons to other interneurons, or to motor neurons
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Glial Cells• Hold neurons in place• Housekeeping- clean-up damaged or
dead neurons• Absorb excess neurotransmitters• Insulation- form the myelin sheath• Prevent toxic substances in blood
from reaching brain cells
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Action Potentials• Neurons receive excitatory (“fire”) or
inhibitory (“don’t fire”) inputs• Neural communication is produced by the
flow of elec. charged particles – ions• Inactive/Resting State- more potassium
ions inside, more sodium ions outside the neuron• Membrane of the cell has a pump to keep
this in balance
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Action Potentials
• Fluid inside the membrane has a slight negative charge (polarized)• This polarization = resting potential• When nerve cells get excitatory or
inhibitory inputs the balance of ions will change
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Action Potential• Inhibitory inputs cause ion channels to
work harder to keep the inside of cell negatively charged won’t fire• Excitatory inputs allow ion pump to
allow sodium in which allows the cell to fire (sodium ions have a positive charge)
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Action Potentials• Action Potential begins when the
inside of the cell is depolarized and sodium rushes into the cell makes the ion positively charged• A domino effect propels the action
potential down the axon successive depolarization
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Action Potentials• Neuron returns to a resting state:
when neuron becomes positive, channels that allowed sodium in close, channels that stopped potassium open
Cell returns to negative charge and ready for next stimulation
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All or None!• “All or None”- action potential is
not affected by increases in intensity of stimulation once threshold level is reached and is firing• If threshold is not reached no
firing
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Refractory Period• Action potential has passed:1.Absolute refractory period- no stimulation
can generate another action potential2.Relative refractory period- neurons will only
fire in response to a stronger stimulus • This ensures that action potential will only
travel in one direction can’t move backward b/c “earlier” parts of axon are in refractory state
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Synaptic Transmission1. Action potential reaches terminal
buttons2. Synaptic vesicles rupture and
neurotransmitters are released3. Neurotransmitters disperse across
synaptic cleft4. Neurotransmitters attach to receptor
molecules
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Synaptic Transmission• Neurotransmitters attach to the postsynaptic
membrane only if 2 conditions are met:- the only neurotransmitter attached to that receptor molecule- shape of neurotransmitter must match the shape of the receptor molecule
5. Once job is complete detaches and decomposes or is reabsorbed