13 Colonies• Chesapeake
▫ Maryland 1634▫ Virginia (1607 )1619▫ South Carolina 1670
From Barbados▫ North Carolina 1653▫ Georgia 1732
Direct financial support from London Defensive buffer
Full of debtors
• Middle▫ Pennsylvania (1643) 1681▫ Delaware 1702
Separate assembly granted by Penn▫ New York (1614) 1664
English take over▫ New Jersey (1633) 1674
Split off of New York
• New England▫ Massachusetts 1620▫ Rhode Island 1635/1636▫ Connecticut 1636
Thomas Hooker▫ New Hampshire (1623) 1679
Last in NE Originally part of Mass. Bay
Restoration, 1660-1713• Royal Centralization, 1660-1688
▫ Restoration Monarchy, Charles II▫ Wanted absolute monarchy▫ Did not call Parliament to meet▫ Direct control of colonies
New York Assemblies forbidden to meet Army officers appt. to governor
• New England resistant▫ 1661 Mass. Assembly declared
exempt from all royal decrees/laws▫ Ignored Navigation Acts▫ Mass punished by Charles carving
out New Hampshire in 1679▫ Charter revoked 1684, royal colony
• James II▫ 1686 creates the Dominion of
New England, one single governor
▫ 1688 added NJ and NY▫ All legislatures ceased to
exist Colonists bitter over denial
of rights
• Andros▫ Limited town meetings to one
annually▫ Enforced toleration and
Navigation Acts▫ Puts Catholics in office,
mainly NY
Glorious Revolution, 1688-1689• Fears in England/America
▫ Monarchy sympathetic to Catholics▫ James son baptized Catholic
• Bloodless Revolution▫ James’ daughter Mary and husband
William lead revolution with Dutch army 1688
▫ Royal army defected, James in exile▫ William and Mary create limited
monarchy, parliament meets▫ England’s Bill of Rights 1689▫ Dismantling of Dominion of NE
Andros arrested April 18, 1689 Power to elect govs restored Right to have rep. assembly for
each colony
• Limits▫ Crown appt. Mass. Gov.▫ Property criteria for voting not
church membership▫ Toleration of other Puritans
• Leisler’s Rebellion▫ City militia seized harbor (NY)▫ Capt. Leisler took command
Repaired harbor, called for elections
▫ England arrested Leisler Treason, people outraged
• Maryland▫ John Coode/ Protestant Assoc.▫ Seized capital 1689
Removed all Catholics from office Catholics lost right to vote, had to
worship in private
Revolutionary Events • Changed Political Climate
1688-1689▫ Reestablished legislatures▫ Ensured religious freedom
for Protestants▫ Dismantled Dominion of New
England▫ Encouraged assemblies to
work with royal & proprietary govs
▫ Foundation laid for an empire based on voluntary allegiance
▫ Good relationship between colonies and New England
• A Generation of War, 1689-1713▫ King William’s War 1689
NY and NE invaded New France Both failed
Cruel border wars Iroquois suffered, pop down
20% Grand Settlement 1701
▫ Queen Anne’s War 1713 War of Spanish Succession
▫ Consequences Colonists forced to
acknowledge military weakness and dependence on England
Mercantilism and the Empire
A. Principles of Mercantilism1. Increase wealth (stores of gold in treasury)
of the parent country2. Wealth is the basis of military and political
strength3. Colonies exist to help the mother country
become self-sufficient and create a favorable balance of trade
B. Acts of Trade and Navigation 1650- 16731. Trade can only take place on British ships2. All goods imported to the colonies must pass
through British ports (except some perishables)
3. “Enumerated” or specified goods could only be shipped to England
Mercantilism and the EmpireC. Impact on the Colonies
1. Positives – 1) New England shipping prospers 2) Chesapeake tobacco has a monopoly in
England3) English military protects colonies from
Spanish and French attacks4) all colonists, even slaves = British5) foundation of colony’s shipping industry
2. Negatives -1) limits colonial manufacturing2) Chesapeake farmer receive lower prices 3) Colonists have to pay high prices for goods
from England
3. Consequences1) not necessary and sets bad relationship2) consumer revolution in America
Immigration•Reasons – immigration (both forced and
voluntary) and high birth rate•European Immigrants – varied motives, mostly
settling in middle colonies▫English – came in fewer numbers due to increasing
stability at home▫Germans – maintained culture and took little interest
in English politics 6% of colonial population 1775
▫Scotch-Irish – little respect for British gov’t due to past turmoil 7% of colonial population 1775 Settled in: Western PA, VA, Carolinas, Georgia
▫Other Europeans - Huguenots (French Protestants), Dutch, and Swedes 5% of population in 1775
Immigration• New England
▫ Less immigration▫ Limited land/ difficult
frontier▫ Shift away from towns to
individual towns▫ Didn’t need church
membership to own land anymore
▫ Rise of Boston Trade/ shipbuilding Social hierarchy developed
▫ Yankee traders new symbol of New England
• Middle Colonies▫ Diverse population
Germans French Invasions, bad
economic conditions, Lutheran/Amish
Scots-Irish Militant Presbyterians,
clannish, fleeing droughts/crops
▫ Walking Purchase, 1737 Negotiated, less conflict
▫ High standard of living Widespread prosperity “breadbasket”
▫ Philadelphia Center of wheat trade By 1776, 2nd largest city Merchant dominated
(Quakers) Ben Franklin example
Immigration•Southern Colonies
▫By 1770 2x pop of NE and Middle Colonies▫Huge slave population▫Two agricultural zones:
Upper South Chesapeake Tobacco White majority
Lower South Carolina/ GA Rice/Indigo Black Majority
Population Growth•Africans
▫Largest single group of immigrants By 1775 2% of population 90% lived in the South
▫Held majorities in SC and GA Minorities in N.C., V.A, M.D.
▫Also resided in North as slaves or free wage earners, but still subject to discriminatory laws
• Increased demand for slaves1. Reduced English migration2. Bacon’s Rebellion and other political demands3. Falling tobacco prices, growth of rice and
indigo1. Cheap labor needed
Slavery• Wages
▫ Poor living conditions▫ Carolina- Task system▫ Chesapeake- Gang
system
• Stono Rebellion, 1739▫ 20 blacks seized guns and
ammo▫ Headed for Spanish FL▫ Burned plantations, killed 20
whites (men, women + kids)▫ Militia finally crushed rebellion
• Consequences▫ By 1750
½ VA’s population 2/3 SC population
▫ Led to strict SC legislation to ensure control
▫ become stricter as time progresses, ensuring bondage for life
Structure of Colonial Society
•General Characteristics▫Dominance of English Culture▫Self-government
Each colony had representative, assembly both elected by eligible voters
Only RI and Conn elected governor’s▫Religious Toleration (to varying degrees)
Mass= Least tolerant RI/ Penn= Most tolerant
▫No hereditary aristocracy▫Social Mobility
Structure of Colonial Society•The Family
▫Expanding economy and food supply▫Higher standard of living than in Europe▫Landowning reserved for males▫Unlimited power to husband
Could beat wife▫Women
average 8 children responsible for home and children’s education Divorce legal, but rare
▫Shared labors and mutual dependence ensured stabile family life
Colonial Society• Rural
▫ Most owned just enough to farm
▫ No land for kids to inherit▫ Women had limited rights▫ Self-sufficient
• Urban Paradox▫ Problems
Only 4% of population Declining opportunity
▫ Why? Mainly poor immigrants
arriving High pop density/ poor
sanitation Recessions Urban poverty Wealth highly concentrated
• Colonial Farmers/ Environment▫ Deforestation▫ No crop rotation= depleted
fields
• Rising Colonial Elite▫ Mercantilism leads to more
wealth▫ Richest 2% owns 15% of
property▫ Acted “British”
Colonial Society• NE
▫ Rocky soil/ long winters▫ Subsistence farming
Less than 100 acres▫ Puritan descendants: logging,
shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling
• Middle Colonies▫ Rich soil▫ Wheat/corn▫ Indentured servants▫ Small manufacturing/iron making▫ Cities: NYC, Philly▫ Farms = 200 acres
• Southern Colonies▫ Varied climate= varied farm sizes▫ Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo▫ Slave labor▫ Plantations= 2, 000 acres
• Monetary System▫ English limited hard currency
To control taxes ▫ Had to be used to pay for imports
Imports exported exports▫ Issued paper money for domestic
trade▫ Led to inflation
• Transportation▫ Easier by water▫ Trading centers located on water
Boston, NYC, Philly, Charleston▫ Role of Taverns
Food/lodging and social centers▫ Postal System
Used horses and water routes
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750• France / Native Americans
▫ Focused on Louisiana, 1718 Founded New Orleans as
capital Allies with Choctaws Dismal life Bad economy/ depended on
self-sufficiency and trade▫ “Illinois better off”
Exported wheat Remote location Expanded trade in Ohio
Valley
• British / Native Americans▫ Conflict
Carolina Trade in Indian slaves led to
violence 1711-1713 Tuscarora
▫ Result 1/5 killed or enslaved▫ Migrated north, joined 5
Nations 1715 Yamasse
▫ French encouraged Yamassee and Creek Indians to attack English Settlements
▫ English get Cherokee help North
Iroquois allies with English Covenant Chain
▫ Grew powerful▫ Mutual agreement
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750
• British Expansion in GA▫ Authorized 1732▫ Purchased by Oglethorpe▫ Refuge for honest debtors▫ Subsidized by British
gov’t▫ Founded Savannah 1733
Outlawed slavery No land holdings over
500 acres▫ Low migration= lift on
slavery ban▫ Economy then flourished
• Spain’s Tenacity▫ Repopulate Santa Fe
Livestock ranches, clustered▫ Texas
Counter French influence San Antonio
Lack of security/ Indians▫ Florida
Freedom for English slaves Low population
• Return of War, 1739-1748▫ 1739 War of Jenkins Ear
Britain attacks Spain FL/GA border war
▫ 1740 King George’s War One major battle, Louisbourg
▫ Consequences Treaty angered colonists
Public Life in British America, 1689-1750• Colonial Politics
▫ Most imp. political result of Glorious Revolution was shift away from royal govs to representative colonial assemblies
▫ POWER OF THE PURSE!!!!!▫ Assemblies
Controlled by people Mini “House of Commons” After Bill of Rights, want to limit
gov’s rights▫ Lower Houses
Controlled govs salaries Basically self-governing Elite dominated Built strong power bases 1720- won right to initiate
legislation Tax laws/ public spending
• Who could vote?▫ NE
Any voter eligible▫ Elsewhere
80% of whites barred Must own 1,000 acres
▫ Women/non-whites No voting rights
• Zenger Trial▫ Competitive political life developed▫ New York, 1733
Bitter battle over govs New York Weekly Journal Libel/ Peter Zenger Encouraged political discussion Truth sufficient evidence in libel
case Freedom of speech
Cultural Life• Arts and Sciences
▫ Architecture 1740s, 1750s
Georgian Style Frontier
One-room cabins▫ Painting
Benjamin West John Copley
▫ Literature Religious mainly Pre-Revolutionary
Ben Franklin▫Poor Richard’s Almanack
• Education▫ New England
1st tax-supported schools Law 1647 for primary
schools for boys▫ Middle Colonies
Church or private sponsored▫ Southern Colonies
Limited Plantations - tutors
▫ Higher Education 1746-1769 influx of colleges
• Professions▫ Physicians▫ Lawyers
Protestant Dominance• Dominance
▫ Two established churches in early colonies Church of England (Anglican)- Virginia Congregational Church- Massachusetts
Bay/ Conn.▫ Policies changed on tax-supported
churches
• Anglicans▫ Propserous farmers/ merchants in NY▫ Plantation owners in VA/Carolinas▫ Absence of leadership = hampered
development▫ Headed by King
• Congregationalists▫ Mainly in NE▫ Critics thought ministers were
domineering and its doctrine overly complex
Enlightenment• Ideals
▫ Human reason/scientific knowledge▫ Encouraged people to think for
themselves, challenge reason• People
▫ Isaac Newton, 1687 Gravity/ natural laws
▫ Ben Franklin Embodied American Enlightenment Mulit-talented American Philosophical Society, 1743
Discussed nature, better society▫ John Locke
1690 “Essay concerning human understanding”
“rational” religion, deism Reason rather than the bible Franklin- religion’s value lays in its
encouragement of virtue and morality
• Great Awakening▫ 1737-1738 outbreak of diphtheria
Reminded of fragile life▫ 1739 Revivalism
Cut across gender, race, class Unleashed anxieties Charismatic ministers Religious fervor
▫ People Jonathon Edwards, 1735
Led revival Reemphasized traditional Puritan
doctrines William Tennant (NJ)
Dramatized spiritual rebirth God’s miraculous powers
George Whitfield, 1739 Most famous From England American Tour Massive crowds, followers
Religion
•The Great AwakeningBefore
Long intellectual sermons-Emphasis on God as creator of a perfectly ordered universe
Characteristics of the Great Awakening
-Jonathan Edwards/”Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
-George Whitfield
-Emphasis on sinfulness and damnation
-Salvation necessary by God’s grace
Religious Impacts
-Emotionalism
-Rise of new denominations (Methodists and Baptists)
-New colleges to train ministers
-Studying the Bible at home
-Ministers lose some authority
- “Old lights” vs. “New lights”Political Impacts
-Affects every social class
-First large-scale movement of the American people
-Growth of distinctly American culture/unity
-Changing ideas of authority
-Forerunner to Revolutionary thinking
Colleges• 1746-1769
▫ College of New Jersey Princeton 1746 Presbyterian
▫ King’s College Columbia 1754 Anglican
▫ Rhode Island College Brown 1764 Baptist
▫ Queen’s College Rutgers 1766 Dutch Reformed
▫ Dartmouth College 1769 Congregationalist
Setting the Stage• By 1750, British colonies prosperous and
established representative governments and had upper/middle class participating in the Enlightenment
• Torn by class, race, religious tensions• Imperial wars fought with British both drew
colonists closer to mother colony and sparked resentments▫King William’s War (1689- 1697)▫Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)▫King George’s II War (1744-1748)