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Chapter 4 Section 1
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Key TermsSubcontinentMonsoonsCitadelVedasRajasVarnascastes
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India’s GeographyIndus RiverSubcontinent-large
landmass that is part of a continent
3 geographic areasHimalayan and Hindu
Kush MountainsDeccan Plateau (south)Northern Plains,
where civilization developed
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India’s GeographyIndus, Ganges, and
Brahamaputra enrich the soil in the plains
Monsoons seasonal windsSumer months
warm air, heavy rains
Winter dry cool wind from central Asia
Drier months
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India’s GeographyDepended on
monsoons for waterFlooded rivers and
left siltToo heavy flooding
and destructionToo late can’t grow
enough
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Indus Valley Civilizations2500 BC beginningStarted to writeHarappa discovered
1920Mohenjo Daro-
mound of the dead.
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Indus Valley CivilizationsWell plannedGrid pattern of streetsHad public sewersCitadel-large walled
and elevated cityEnclosed
GranariesShrinesHomes, and
workshops
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Indus Valley CivilizationsEconomy
Agriculture and trade
Cities specializationTraded close and
distantCentral AsiaMesopotamia
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Indus Valley CivilizationsSociety
Not learned a lotIndus valley single
societyShared common tool
designsStandard weights
and measures
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Indus Valley CivilizationsDecline
2000 BC started to decline
Suffered repeated flooding
River changed course
Invasion or disease
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The Vedic Period2000 BC new people
take controlAryans arrivedVedas-sacred
writings include details of Aryan history and society
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Vedic PeriodVedic Society
Settled in villagesRajas- regional
leadersUsually a war leaderOffered protection
received food or money
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The Vedic PeriodSocial Structure
Divided into four social classes (Varnas)
Each Varna plays a role
Brahmins- priests and teachers
Kshatiyas-warriors and rulers
Vaisyas-traders, herders, farmers
Sudras-servants
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The Vedic PeriodSocial Structure
Four Varnas become hundreds of castes
Determined by jobWho you could
marrySome castes had
more privilegesUntouchables were
outside of the caste
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The Vedic PeriodVedic Religion
Vedas-mostly hymns and prayers
Describe how people worshipped
Sacrifices Priests claimed that
religious rituals were needed to maintain the universe