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Chapter 40.
Animal Structure
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Animal form & function reflect biology’smajor themesß Animals provide examples of biology’s themes:
u diversity & unity of lifeu form & function are interwovenu evolution is the thread that ties it all together
ß adaptations observed in a comparative studyof animals evolved by natural selection
The long, tongue-likeproboscis is a structuraladaptation for feeding.The moth can forage fornectar when temperatures areas low as 5°C.The moth uses a shivering-likemechanism for preflightwarm-up of its muscles.
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Hierarchy of structureß cells Æ tissues Æ organs
ß Tissues = groups of cells withcommon structure & functionßOrgans = composed of different
tissue types
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Tissue typesß Epithelial
u covers body surface & lines internalbody cavities
u skin, mucous membranes, lining ofdigestive tract
ß Muscleu body movementu skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
ß Connectiveu framework of bodyu bone, cartilage, fibers, blood
ß Nervousu integration & control of response to
stimuliu neurons
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Epithelial tissueß Functions
u lining, protecting& forming glands
u protection ofinternalenvironmentagainst externalenvironment
u secretion of aproducts
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Epithelial tissue cell types
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Muscle tissueß Functions
u facilitates movementby contraction ofmuscle cells (fibers)
ß Typesu skeletalß striated
u cardiacu smooth
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Muscle tissue
“power” muscles(striated)
involuntary musclesof digestive system
heart muscle
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Nervous tissueß Functions
u integrating stimuliu response to stimuliß Types
u neurons, brain,spinal cord
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Connective tissueß Functions
u support & bindingu bloodu storing fatsu filling space
ß Typesu boneu bloodu fibersu cartilageu adipose (fat)
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Connective tissue
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Cartilage & boneß Rigid connective tissues
u structural proteinsdeposited in matrix betweencells
u bone is strongerß strength from calcium salts
deposited in matrixw calcium reservoir
u cartilage is softerß forms embryonic skeleton of
vertebrates & adult skeleton ofsharks & raysß in human body = ears, tip of
nose & at joints
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Organ Systemscells Æ tissues Æ organs Æ organ systems Æ organisms
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Homeostasisß Systems work to
maintain a balanceu integrated open &
closed systemsu requires
monitoring,feedback &response
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Feedback circuitsß Negative feedback
u stimulus triggerscontrol mechanismcounteracting furtherchangeß reverse effect
ß Positive feedbacku stimulus triggers
control mechanismamplifying effectß much less common
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Control of bodytemperature
