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Chapter 5 in textbook
Cell Transportmaintaining homeostasis
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Passive Transport
Does NOT require any ATP or energy
Happens automatically
Channels may be used in cell membrane
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Passive Transport
This type of transport moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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Diffusion
Type of passive transport
When molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is met
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What affects the rate of diffusion?
Concentration of the solution
Temperature of the solution
Pressure also speeds up particle motion
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Concentration
The amount of dissolved solute in a solution
Molecules will move to an area less concentrated
Molecules diffuse through the cell membrane of cells
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Concentration gradient
The difference in concentration in a solution between a cell and its surroundings
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Concentration Gradient
No gradient - even distribution
Concentration to the right
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Increase Rate of Diffusion
Temperature
Molecules move faster in higher temperatures
Pressure
Increasing pressure also increases rate of diffusion
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EquilibriumThis occurs when there is no longer a concentration gradient
Molecules are evenly dispersed but still continue to move randomly
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Cell Membrane
Movement through membrane
Cell membrane is surrounded by water
Phospholipid bilayer
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Cell Membrane
Forms by itself in water
Proteins imbedded
Markers
Receptors
Channels
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Diffusion in cells
Small molecules diffuse in and out of the cell to reach equilibrium on both side of the membrane
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a biological membrane
From an area of high concentration to low concentration of WATER
Comparing concentrations
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Osmosis in Cells
Cells are surrounded by water and filled with water.
Water can move freely through the membrane
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Direction of Osmosis
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Hypertonic
Outside cell is more concentrated than cell
ex: 20% salt solution 10% salt solution
The solution with 20% salt is hypertonic compared to the 10% salt solution
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Hypotonic
Outside the cell is less concentrated than cell
ex: 10% salt solution 20% salt solution
The solution with 10% salt is hypotonic compared to the 20% salt solution
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Isotonic
Equal concentrations
ex: 10% salt solution 10% salt solution
Equilibrium is reached
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Osmotic Pressure
Net movement of water into cells
Determined by solute concentration
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Osmosis - hypertonic
Higher concentration in solution
Ex: a cell in salt water
If molecules are too large to fit through cell membrane or protein channels
Water will diffuse OUT of the cell to reach equilibrium
Cell shrinks
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Osmosis - hypotonic
Lower concentration in solution
Ex: a cell in pure water
If molecules are too large to fit through cell membrane or protein channels
Water will diffuse INTO the cell to reach equilibrium
Cell swells - may burst!
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Osmosis - IsotonicEqual concentration in solution
If molecules are too large to fit through cell membrane or protein channels
Water will diffuse IN AND OUT of the cell to maintain equilibrium
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Osmosis in Plant Cells
Turgor Pressure
Pressure on the walls of the plant cells due to vacuole filling
Increase in turgor pressure is increase in water to cell
Plasmolysis
When a cell shrinks due to lack of water
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Red Onion Cells - Isotonic
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Red Onion Cells - Hypertonic
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Red Onion Cells - Hypotonic
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Facilitated DiffusionWhen the cell membrane has protein channels (carrier proteins) where materials are transported in or out of cell
NO energy needed for this process
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Active Transport
Against concentration gradient
From an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Requires cell energy (ATP) because you’re going AGAINST concentration gradient
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3 types of active transport
Protein channels embedded in cell membrane
Gated channels
Need energy to open
Protein changes shape when energy is used
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Sodium/Potassium Pump
Step 1: 3 Na+ ions bind to carrier protein
Step 2: ATP binds to carrier protein and changes shape allowing Na+ to move out of the cell
Step 3: 2 K+ ions move into carrier protein
Step 4: ATP binds to carrier protein and changes shape allowing K+ to move into the cell
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Movement in Vesicles
Endocytosis - INTO the cell
Cell membrane is used to create a vesicle around particles
Phagocytosis
Particle ingestion
Pinocytosis
Liquid ingestion
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Movement in Vesicles
Exocytosis - OUT of the cell
Vesicles created in the cell fuse with cell membrane and release particles/liquids
Known as bulk transport