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Chapter 5
Structure Class Words
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Chapter 5: Grammar Safari
Find a ‘real-life’ error involving one of the structures discussed in the text Identify the problem Show us both the problem & correction
Example: I love deserts, but pie we had was terrible.
P: Definite, countable nouns require articles C: “… but the pie we had was terrible.”
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Form-Class vs. Structure-Class
Form Classes Structure Classes
(Chapter 4) DeterminersAuxiliariesQualifiersPrepositions ConjunctionsPronounsRelativesInterrogatives
NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbs
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Compare…
Glob ostriches ate larm drank plonk glob baffled lion.
The androokers plurked and urkled beside the broofled lumphet.
Which is easier to make sense of?
What does this tell us about form vs. structure classes?
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Articles: Small but Important…
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How Many Articles?
A. 2B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
What do articles do,
grammatically?
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Determiners
Traditional Definition Usually only talk about articles (a, an,
the)
Linguistic definition signals a NOUN is on it’s way gives grammatical information about the
coming noun Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many,
this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.
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Determiners: Function I got ______ sand in my shoe.
Øsomethe * a
c.f. “Count” vs. “Non-count” Shift in meaning: this, Joe’s…
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Grouping by Meaning…
? Katie went to ? Greenville. ? dogs are good ? pets. Katie is ? dog.
Try to use: Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many, this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.
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Which does NOT fit?
Katie is ? dog.
A. aB. myC. someD. those
- Why? - What information
does the determiner provide?
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? Katie went to ? Greenville…
Determiners tell us about NOUNs Count vs. non-count Possession Quantity Location relative to speaker
Actual or metaphorical/emotional… Specific (known) vs. generic (unknown)
AKA: Definite & Indefinite; Old & New
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Determiners vs. Adjectives Determiners
No prefixes/suffixes Fixed positions with the noun Rarely added or deleted from a language
Adjectives (Review from Chpt 4)
Can change form Occur in attributive or complement positions Come & go naturally and regularly in language
nerdy, phat, seniorish…
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DET // Demonstrative ADJ
This, That, These, Those…
Our Text: Determiners
Many School Texts: Demonstrative Adjectives Answer “which one”
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Find the Determiners
The third time someone’s phone rang
in the middle of the night, Herb lost
his temper.
(you should also be able to tell what
information they give about the noun)
Exercise 5.1
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How Many Determiners?
The community can’t provide enough water for more houses on this land.
A. 2B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
What are they doing
grammatically?
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Diagramming Determiners
pipum
pkin
A
Just like adjectives…
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A Pumpkin Pi Tree
NP
Det Adj N
A pumpkin pi
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Form vs. Structure… Cont’d
Form Class Structure Class
Lexical MeaningGrammatical Meaning
Often add Morphemes
Rarely add Morphemes
Open-Class (virtually unlimited)
Closed-Class (relatively few)
Relatively free appearance (function)
Linked with certain word categories
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5.2 & 5.3
Diagrams & Trees
Enough friends His friends All my friends Their only other friends
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ESL Awareness… Subconscious grammar rules ≠ English
Spanglish, Chinglish, etc. may result
Examples: *Me bought a car red (≈ Hispanic) *I bought car from car dealer (≈ Chinese)
What can you infer about Spanish Adj’s? --- about Chinese articles?
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Any Questions…
…before we move on?
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Qualifiers
AKA: Intensifiers… Often treated as a sub-class
of ADV…
http://screencast.com/t/kSOxghl7dqA
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Know a Qualifier...
Test frame sentence: The handsome man seems ___
handsome
Modifies (increasing or decreasing…) noun adjective adverb prepositional phrase (only a few
qualifiers)
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Find the Qualifier (which balloon?)
A B CD
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Qualifier Usage
Dialectal Wicked
Informal Really
Formal Quite Rather
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Are “totally” and “all” qualifiers in these contexts?
I. Christine is totally mad at her boyfriend
II. … so she was all like “I told you so.”
A. Neither I nor IIB. Only IC. Only IID. Both I and II
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Qualifiers Warning… Part I
Described by one as used when people: “…haven’t decided what to say” “have decided but don’t have the courage to stand
behind it” “simply feel the need to clear their throat in the
middle of a sentence” Examples:
He’s like twenty Manning is arguably the best quarterback in the NFL
Yagoda, 2007
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Word Search…
Count the determiners, auxiliary verbs and qualifiers below
Perhaps if you had not killed off
the hero so quickly in the first
chapter, you would have found it
easier to continue with your
novel… Exercise 5.6
A. 1B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
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Any Questions…
…before we move on?
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Prepositions
“Prepositions are the nerves and ligaments of all discourse”
The English Accidence qtd in Yagoda, 2007
Prepositions on YouTube…
Grammar Rock: Prepositions (simplified, but nostalgic)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4jIC5HLBdM
Some Professor Dude… (NOT ME… Accurate, detailed, & boring…)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlGJ6FsnhDQ&feature=related
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Prepositions (& prepositional phrases)
It was Mr. Plum After supper In the library With the hammer For the sweet revenge
Think about it… How do prepositions appear in
sentences? What purpose(s) do they serve?
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Prepositions
Sets up a phrase with a nominal with a friend, on the couch,
throughout the summer, etc
Tells location of a nominal with, on, after, by, against, etc Physically, Metaphorically or Temporally
… …Squirrel & Hollow Log …Bird & a Cloud…
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Preposition Puppy
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Preposition or Adverb?
I. He walked along the road. II. They all sang along.
(Hint: If there is no object, it can’t be a preposition)
A. I = Adv… II = Preposition
B. I & II - Both AdverbsC. I & II - Both PrepositionsD. I = Preposition… II =
Adv
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Diagramming Prepositions
Remember: Nouns go on flat lines Words that modify go on slanted lines…
along
theroad
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Tree-ing
PP
Prep NP
Det N
along the road
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Prepositional Phrases As… Our visitors had a dog with big teeth. A dog with a hungry look in his eyes.
They strolled along the river. They went after sunset. Without fear, they wandered about
listening to music.
The band was out of this world!
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More Diagramming
Nouns go on flat lines Words that modify go on slanted lines…
dog
a with
a hungry
look
in eyes
his
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Even More Diagramming
The band was out of this world.
_world_
band was \
this
out of___
Use Pedestals for phrases that fill a main slot: Subj, Verb, Obj…
the_
FYI
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ID the Prepositional Phrase
Adj or Adv?
A. AdjB. AdvC. NeitherD. Both
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Dangling Preposition…
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MYTH: Never end a sentence with a preposition.
The company of which he was the president
The company he was president of. Dance with the partner you came with Dance with the partner with whom you
came
What makes the difference?
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Compare These
Roppolo could not find any conclusive evidence to the first usage of the word blue with this meaning. We do not know from where it comes.
The word wicked usually has different meanings because of where we come from.
Focus on final preposition…
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Other Prepositional Dangers
The challenges of adapting a highly read novel into a film successfully is difficult to do in two hours of screen time.
Subject-Verb agreement – likely caused by intervening prepositional phrases…
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Grammar Guide Suggestion Target 10% prepositions in your writing To reduce prepositions:
Delete: …vice president of the corporation
Simplify … is the owner of…
Replace … did it with style the coat of the model
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Any Questions…
…before we move on?
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Phrasal Verbs
AKA: Two word verbs Idioms “Combination of words that cannot be
predicted from the meaning of their parts”
Look up a word in the dictionary… Sit out this round… Verbal Particles: up, out, etc.
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Verb Particles or Prepositions? Oscar looked up the road
before he turned into his driveway. Oscar looked up the spelling of a
word before he turned in his paper.
Tests: Meaning Moveability (particle can often be moved)
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Phrasal Verbs: Diagrams & Trees
Oscar looked up spelling…
Phrasal verbs are just verbs…
the_
S
NP V NP
Oscar looked up …
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Phrasal Verb?
A. Yes
B. No
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A. 1B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
How many phrasal verbs?
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Choosing Verbs
Why should we care about verbs? What about phrasal verbs?
The legislature turned down the proposal
The legislature rejected the proposal What about common verbs?
Be, have, do, say, make, go, take, come, see , get…
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Any Questions…
… before we move on?
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How many of the following are here?
Pronoun, Preposition, Adverb or Particle?
Jim complained bitterly when he learned that Alice had signed him up for next week’s log-splitting contest.
Seeing a snake slithering slowly over the bank out of sight into the underbrush, I decided to put off going for a walk in the woods after all.
A. 2B. 3
C. 4 D. 5
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Pronouns
Traditional Definition Substitute for a noun
Linguistic Definition Substitute for any Noun Phrase or
nominal
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Hobbes’ Definition
How many pronouns are here? A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4
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Pronouns May I have that in context, please
Subcategories Person 1st (I), 2nd (you), 3rd (s/he), neuter (it)
singular I, you, h/sheplural we you, they
Case Subject I, you, s/heObject me, you,him,
her Possessive
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Fill in the Pronoun Grid
Subject Object Possessive Reflexive
malefemaleneuter
3rd Person
Singular
Plural
1st Person
SingularPlural2nd Person
SingularPlural
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Check Your AnswersSubject Object Possessive Reflexive
I me my myself
we us our ourselves
yourself
yourselves
male he him his himself
female she her her herself
neuter it it its itself
they them their (theirs) themselves
3rd Person
Singular
Plural
1st Person
SingularPlural2nd Person
Singular your
(yours)Pluralyou you
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Do You Object, (pronominally)?
Strategies for finding the ‘SAE’ choice Rule based: Subject/object Instinctive: Singularize
Because both he/him and I/me were late for class, neither of us heard the news.
Our friends in Hickory want Yuan and I/me to spend the holidays with them.
Exercise 5.8
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Is This OK?
Mom bought soda for Kelly and I.
A. Yes
B. No
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Common Pronoun Error
Hillary Clinton speaking in Florida:(5/08)
The people who voted did nothing wrong and it would be wrong to punish you.
Hint: The pronoun must agree with its antecedent
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Time to Reflect Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Himself Herself Themselves Itself
The antecedent should appear in the same sentence as the reflexive pronoun…
}
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Is this OK?
A. Yes
B. No
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Other Pronoun Problems
1. When a student 2. attends a local college, 3. they can live happily 4. and inexpensively at home.
There’s a problem in line:
• 1• 2 • 3• 4
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Indefinite Pronouns Examples: one, someone, everyone,
anybody, etc (Dual Roles: any, none, another, etc)
Beware agreement issues: Somebody always forgets to do their homework.
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Sexist Language
Examples: * Everyone finished his homework * A dog is man’s best friend
For a single instance: Everyone finished his/her homework The cake was great. Everyone finished
it! For multiple occurrences: ______
All the students finished their homework
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You Tell Me…
1. Mothers are often told to let their children2. listen to classical music to improve his3. future learning, so it seems like a possible4. benefit for those learning a new language.
Hint: It’s NOT just
the sexist style…
1. Find the Error2. Explain it3. Fix it
There’s a problem in line:
• 1• 2 • 3• 4
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Just read this for now… We’ll analyze some of it later…
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How Many Pronouns?
A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9
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Pronoun Safari (Part II)
“11 pronouns” Label: S, O, or Possessive
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Any Questions…
…before we move on?
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Coordinating Conjunctions
And, but, or, nor, so, yet, for * Join two equal elements
Words Over and under the hill
Phrases Over the river and through the woods
Clauses You come down, for I’m going to your
house…
*Typically join sentences…
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Find the Conjunctions: What is joined?
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Correlative Conjunctions
Also join two equal parts Join with emphasis…
Both… and Either… or Neither… nor Not only… but also
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Diagramming Conjunctions
Oscar looked up
Conjunctions branch the diagram
the_
the_
meaning
spelling
an
d
FYI
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To Comma or Not to Comma?
Joining units w/ a Coordinating Conjunction Two full sentences Comma Two words or phrases NO comma
Three or more words or phrases Comma after all before the conjunction (not a definite rule, but playing it safe)
My aunt McGuillicutty went on a picnic and took: an apple, a banana, some cherries, a donut, and an egg.
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You Tell Me…
“Sometimes people are just trying to make their mark. Just like there are select words that only certain people you know say.”
1. Find the Error2. Explain it3. Fix it
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Conjunctive Adverbs Yep, we’ve got some.
Furthermore, you may want to take a look at pages 133-135 for more info.
In the meantime, we will proceed to subordinating conjunctions…
Remember, ADVs that modify full sentences get commas…
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Subordinate Clauses Dependent S & V, but can’t stand alone Usually function as Adverbials…
I never eat cookies while I make slidesthough I’d like to…
Subordinating Conjunctions Create complex sentences Join UNEQUAL elements
• If • Since• Though•Although • Before • While…
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To Comma or Not to Comma…
Comma If the subordinate clause comes at the
beginning of a sentence Though I’d like to, I never eat cookies
while I make slides. No Comma
If the subordinate clause comes later I never eat cookies while I make slides.
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Subordination in Action…
A B C D
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Preposition or Subordinating Conjunction?
I. Since you insist, I’ll let you do four papers…
II. Pavarotti drank lemon tea before each concert.
(5.10)
A. I = Prep … II = Subj. Conjunct.
B. I & II – Both Subj. Conjunct.C. I & II - Both PrepositionsD. I = Subj. Conjunct… II =
Prep.
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Get Some More Exercise
List and identify the conjunctions: Although Joe liked the pizza, he
picked off all the broccoli and olives.
(5.11)
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How Many Conjunctions? We warned Alice against painting her
living room black, but she insisted it would look dramatic. When she couldn’t stand it anymore, we helped her repaint it in a lighter color even though she hadn’t listened to our warnings. A. 1
B. 2C. 3D. 4
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Even More Exercise!
Find and Correct errors: Joe’s car had a flat tire, a policeman
stopped and helped him change it. He wondered if police help is under
publicized. Joe typically stayed away from the
police he had heard some horror stories before.
(5.12)
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Any Questions…
…before we move on?
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Relatives Connect dependent clauses… Require antecedents… Relative Pronouns:
Who, whom, whose, which, that Usually function as Adjectivals
Relative Adverbials: Where, when, why
The student who scores the highest gets more than 100% on a test or quiz.
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Get Some Exercise(5.14)
Underline the relativesCircle the antecedents
There will come a time when you look back on all of this and laugh.
I know someone who has written a book on the Yoruba language.
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To Comma or Not to Comma No Comma
If the relative clause is crucial to the main message of the sentence
I know someone who has written a book on the Yoruba language.
Comma If the relative clause adds ‘extra’
information we could live without Desire, whose father is king of his tribe, has
written a book on his native Yoruba language
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To Comma or Not to Comma
Since the word wicked has so many different meanings it can be used in any part of speech.
A. Yes
B. No
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Interrogatives Who, which, what, where,
why, when, & how Begin questions (direct and indirect) No antecedents May substitute for
Subject Determiner Adverb Adjective (etc.)
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Exercise(5.15)
Underline the interrogatives and double underline the relatives & associated phrases. Circle the antecedent of each relative.
Whoever owns that Jaguar, which has been sitting there for weeks, ought to move it!
For whom did you make the pie that is on the table?
Lois is one of those people who can never remember where they put their keys.
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Find the ErrorA. A Chinese woman
looks at a street art installation on display in Beijing, China, Thursday, Oct. 5, 2006.
B. China's art scene is becoming popular among foreign art collectors push prices ever higher.
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Now Identify these Clauses:
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Overly Claused…
In this ever changing world in which we live in
Paul McCartney
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Any Questions…
…before we move on…(to the last section in 252!)
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Participial Phrases A participle (-ing or -en form of the verb w/o an
auxiliary) and all its modifiers Often looks like a reduced relative clause Often functions as an adjectival Examples
A rolling stone gathers no moss The students studying for the exam are
hungry.
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Participial Problems The subject of the sentence should be the subject
of the participial phrase (If it’s not, you have a ‘dangling participle’…)
Bad Examples: *Having worked hard all weekend, the project was
finished. (the project worked hard)
*Eating an apple, a worm stuck its head out. (the worm is eating the apple)
Good Example: Named outstanding grammar student of the year, Jane
Doe accepted the award. (Jane was the outstanding student & accepted the award)
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Participial in Action…
The participial here is:
• Adjectival• Adverbial(Choose one…)
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To Comma or Not to Comma Participials are like Relatives:
Comma: If the participial comes at the beginning
(prev. slide) If the participial is unnecessary
“My daughter, complaining bitterly, went to bed.”
No comma: If the participial is necessary
“The girl wearing red is my daughter.”
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Tree Structures & Diagrams
S
NP VP
Art N V Adv
The students areupstairs
Students are__The
upstairs
You tell me… Why use Trees? Why use diagrams? What are some similarities between them?
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Review Exercises
Really good stuff on pages 146 – 148
& don’t ignore the regular exercises even though we brushed through several in these slides…