Chapter 6Chapter 6Ancient Rome and Early Ancient Rome and Early
ChristianityChristianity
Section 1Section 1
The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
Section 1 ObjectiveSection 1 Objective
• Describe the Describe the structure of the structure of the Roman Republic Roman Republic and the ways it and the ways it changedchanged
Terms to DefineTerms to Define
• Patrician: wealthy aristocrat class that had come Patrician: wealthy aristocrat class that had come into being in Rome—Latin nobles.into being in Rome—Latin nobles.
• Republic: a community in which the people Republic: a community in which the people elected the leaders.elected the leaders.
• Plebian: Most of Rome’s inhabitants, some Plebian: Most of Rome’s inhabitants, some wealthy, some not, non-aristocratic townspeople wealthy, some not, non-aristocratic townspeople and landowners as well as merchants, and landowners as well as merchants, shopkeepers, small farmers, and laborers.shopkeepers, small farmers, and laborers.
• Consul: Two patrician officials elected for one Consul: Two patrician officials elected for one year terms. They had to consult each other year terms. They had to consult each other before acting.before acting.
Terms (con’t)Terms (con’t)
• Dictator: a leader whose word was Dictator: a leader whose word was law—occurred mostly during times of law—occurred mostly during times of crisiscrisis
• Tribunes: representatives chosen by Tribunes: representatives chosen by Plebians, granting them legal Plebians, granting them legal protections and the right to veto protections and the right to veto government decisionsgovernment decisions
People to MeetPeople to Meet
• The EtruscansThe Etruscans
• The LatinsThe Latins
• RomulusRomulus
• The TarquinsThe Tarquins
Places to LocatePlaces to Locate
• ItalyItaly
• SicilySicily
• RomeRome
IntroductionIntroduction
• Greeks settled as Greeks settled as colonies 900 B.C.colonies 900 B.C.
• Set up farming Set up farming communitiescommunities
• Planted olive trees Planted olive trees and other cropsand other crops
• Introduced Greek Introduced Greek alphabetalphabet
The Italian PeninsulaThe Italian Peninsula
• The Greeks were The Greeks were interested in interested in colonizing Italy for colonizing Italy for several reasonsseveral reasons
-Central location in -Central location in the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean
-Rich soil-Rich soil
The Italian PeninsulaThe Italian Peninsula
Soiled enriched by silt Soiled enriched by silt from mountain runoff from mountain runoff -Land to the north -Land to the north cut off by the Aplscut off by the Apls
Mild, moist, climateMild, moist, climate
-Ideally suited for -Ideally suited for trade among three trade among three continents—Europe, continents—Europe, Asia, AfricaAsia, Africa
The Italian PeninsulaThe Italian Peninsula
• Silt would often Silt would often clog the riversclog the rivers– Created mosquito Created mosquito
infested areasinfested areas– Epidemics of Epidemics of
Malaria, etcMalaria, etc
Early InhabitantsEarly Inhabitants
• Generally traded Generally traded among themselvesamong themselves-Mountains-Mountains-Rocky coastline-Rocky coastline-Covered 75% of -Covered 75% of the countrythe country
Early InhabitantsEarly Inhabitants
• Soiled enriched by Soiled enriched by silt from mountain silt from mountain runoff runoff -Land to the north -Land to the north cut off by the Alpscut off by the Alps-Generally traded -Generally traded among themselvesamong themselves
Geographic ProblemsGeographic Problems
• Silt created Silt created swamps which swamps which drew mosquitosdrew mosquitos
• Marshy coastline Marshy coastline wasn’t good for wasn’t good for harborsharbors
Early PeoplesEarly Peoples
• Neolithic cultures Neolithic cultures probably 5000 B.C.probably 5000 B.C.
• People there long People there long before the Greeks before the Greeks arrived or Roman arrived or Roman civilization begancivilization began
• Villages and farmsVillages and farms
Indo-EuropeansIndo-Europeans
• Umbrians, Latins Umbrians, Latins (Latium--LAY-shee-(Latium--LAY-shee-uhm--), Oscansuhm--), Oscans
• Indo-European Indo-European migrants arrived migrants arrived and overwhelmed and overwhelmed the Neolithic the Neolithic peoples on Italian peoples on Italian Peninsula 2000-Peninsula 2000-1000 B.C.1000 B.C.
The EtruscansThe Etruscans
• Ruled northern Italy Ruled northern Italy from 900 B.C. to 500 from 900 B.C. to 500 B.C.B.C.
• Did not speak Indo-Did not speak Indo-European languagesEuropean languages
• Their alphabet came Their alphabet came from the Greeks—but from the Greeks—but only a few Etruscan only a few Etruscan words have been words have been deciphereddeciphered
The Etruscans (con’t)The Etruscans (con’t)
• Etruscans writing Etruscans writing baffles scientistsbaffles scientists
• Etruscan art Etruscan art (paintings and (paintings and sculptures) is sculptures) is expressive, needing expressive, needing no translationno translation
-dancing, playing, -dancing, playing, rich and pleasant liferich and pleasant life
The Etruscans The Etruscans
• The Etruscans…The Etruscans…moremore– feasting, conversing, feasting, conversing,
wrestling matcheswrestling matches– Triumphant soldiersTriumphant soldiers– Beautiful deities, Beautiful deities,
smile and gesture smile and gesture
The Etruscans (con’t)The Etruscans (con’t)• Wealthy overlordsWealthy overlords
• Aristocratic priestsAristocratic priests
• Slave laborSlave labor
• Slaves forced to dual to the death to Slaves forced to dual to the death to appease angry godsappease angry gods
• Lower classes finally freed Lower classes finally freed themselves—chief among them were themselves—chief among them were the Latins who settled in Rome the Latins who settled in Rome
The EtruscansThe Etruscans
• The Latins freed The Latins freed themselves after themselves after being offended by being offended by the Etruscans the Etruscans
• Son of Etruscan Son of Etruscan king savages king savages matron, Lucretiamatron, Lucretia
The Rise of Rome--LegendThe Rise of Rome--Legend
• LegendLegend-753 B.C. Romulus -753 B.C. Romulus was building a wall was building a wall for his city on the for his city on the side of a hill side of a hill overlooking the Tiber overlooking the Tiber RiverRiver-Twin brother Remus -Twin brother Remus building on the other building on the other side of the hillside of the hill
The Rise of RomeThe Rise of Rome
• According to Roman According to Roman historian Livy, historian Livy, Remus leaped over Remus leaped over the wall built by the wall built by Romulus and Romulus and mocked him.mocked him.
• Romulus killed Romulus killed Remus warning, “so Remus warning, “so perish whoever else perish whoever else shall overleap my shall overleap my battlements” battlements”
Romulus--mythRomulus--myth
• Continued to build Rome—named Continued to build Rome—named after himafter him– Romulus—myth—great military Romulus—myth—great military
commandercommander– Rome continues to expandRome continues to expand
• Rome became the greatest city in Rome became the greatest city in that part of the peninsulathat part of the peninsula
Rome OriginsRome Origins
• LatinsLatins
-Huddled in huts on -Huddled in huts on seven hills seven hills
-At some point, 800 -At some point, 800 B.C.-700 B.C., they B.C.-700 B.C., they joined to become joined to become one community--one community--RomeRome
Etruscan RuleEtruscan Rule
• About 620 B.C., the Etruscan gained About 620 B.C., the Etruscan gained control of Romecontrol of Rome
• The Tarquins, name of Etruscan familyThe Tarquins, name of Etruscan family
-Taught the Latins to use brick to build-Taught the Latins to use brick to build
-Drained the lowlands and laid out -Drained the lowlands and laid out streetsstreets
Etruscan RuleEtruscan Rule
• Created the Forum Created the Forum in the middle of the in the middle of the city—which city—which became the became the government government buildingbuilding
-Served as kings -Served as kings for Romefor Rome
The TarquinsThe Tarquins
• Wealthy Etruscan Wealthy Etruscan familyfamily
• Provided kings for Provided kings for rulerule
• Taught Romans to Taught Romans to built with brick and built with brick and tile their roofstile their roofs
• Drained marsh lands Drained marsh lands and designed streetsand designed streets
The TarquinsThe Tarquins
• Created a square Created a square called the Forumcalled the Forum– The seat of The seat of
governmentgovernment
Tarquins Driven OutTarquins Driven Out
• Tarquin the ProudTarquin the Proud—very cruel—very cruel
• Romans drive the Romans drive the Tarquins outTarquins out
• Etruscans stay and Etruscans stay and help Rome prosperhelp Rome prosper
• Tarquin kings son Tarquin kings son violates Lacretiaviolates Lacretia
Social GroupsSocial Groups
• Latin nobles called Latin nobles called “patricians”“patricians”– Patricians declared Patricians declared
Rome a Rome a republicrepublic– Wealthy aristocratsWealthy aristocrats
Social GroupsSocial Groups
• Most of Rome’s Most of Rome’s inhabitants were inhabitants were plebians, plebians,
-Both patricians -Both patricians and plebians could and plebians could vote vote
-Both responsible -Both responsible for serving in for serving in militarymilitary
Social GroupsSocial Groups
PatriciansPatricians
• VoteVote
• Pay taxesPay taxes
• Serve in the militaryServe in the military
• Could hold public Could hold public officeoffice
PlebiansPlebians
• VoteVote
• Pay taxesPay taxes
• Serve in the militaryServe in the military
The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
• Patricians organized Rome’s Patricians organized Rome’s government into executive and government into executive and legislative brancheslegislative branches
• Executive BranchExecutive Branch– Two consuls assigned day-to-day affairsTwo consuls assigned day-to-day affairs– One year termsOne year terms– Each could veto the otherEach could veto the other– Veto: Latin for “I forbid”Veto: Latin for “I forbid”
The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
• Consuls oversaw Consuls oversaw other officialsother officials– Praetors: judgesPraetors: judges– Censors: keepers of Censors: keepers of
taxestaxes
• Only a dictator could Only a dictator could overrule the consulsoverrule the consuls
• Dictators appointed Dictators appointed in times of crisisin times of crisis
The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
• Legislative BranchLegislative Branch
-Assembly of Centuries (named for -Assembly of Centuries (named for 100 soldiers)100 soldiers)
-Senate-Senate
The Roman Republic The Roman Republic
Assembly of CenturiesAssembly of Centuries
• Elected from Executive Elected from Executive Branch officialsBranch officials
• Under patrician controlUnder patrician control
• Named for military Named for military formationformation
• Members—100 Members—100
• Temporary officeTemporary office
• Little real powerLittle real power
SenateSenate• Executive BranchExecutive Branch
• Under Patrician controlUnder Patrician control
• Power outweighed Power outweighed AssemblyAssembly
• Members—300Members—300
• Served for lifeServed for life
• Advised ConsulsAdvised Consuls
• Proposed lawsProposed laws
• Approved contractsApproved contracts
CincinnatusCincinnatus
• Most respected dictatorMost respected dictator
• Rival threatened RomeRival threatened Rome
• Found plowing his fieldsFound plowing his fields
• Led his troops to victory Led his troops to victory
• Resigned as dictator and returned to Resigned as dictator and returned to his fields within 16 dayshis fields within 16 days
Plebians Against PatriciansPlebians Against Patricians
• Plebeians resented power of PatriciansPlebeians resented power of Patricians
• Knew they could not rule without them.Knew they could not rule without them.
• Plebeians made up most of military Plebeians made up most of military forcesforces
• Patricians concerned about the militaryPatricians concerned about the military
Plebeians Against PatriciansPlebeians Against Patricians
• Plebeians went on Plebeians went on strikestrike
• Left city create Left city create their own republictheir own republic
TribunesTribunes
• Patricians meet some demandsPatricians meet some demands– Recognized the Plebeians chosen Recognized the Plebeians chosen
representatives,“Tribunes” representatives,“Tribunes” – Granted them legal protections and the Granted them legal protections and the
right to veto government decisionsright to veto government decisions– Tribunes were members of the Tribunes were members of the
Magistrate of Plebeians and had some Magistrate of Plebeians and had some powerpower
TribunesTribunes
• Patricians Patricians recognized the recognized the Assembly of Tribes, Assembly of Tribes, the body of the body of plebeians that plebeians that elected tribuneselected tribunes
• Tribunes could veto Tribunes could veto any government any government decision decision
TribunesTribunes
• Could not be Could not be arrestedarrested
• Injuring a Tribune Injuring a Tribune was cause to be was cause to be put to deathput to death
Old and New LawsOld and New Laws
• Plebeians insisted Plebeians insisted laws put in writinglaws put in writing
• The The Twelve Tablets: Twelve Tablets: basis of Roman lawbasis of Roman law
• Plebeians gain right Plebeians gain right to serve in public to serve in public officeoffice
• Right to make laws in Right to make laws in Assembly of Tribes Assembly of Tribes
Changes for PlebeiansChanges for Plebeians
• Debt enslavement endedDebt enslavement ended
• Patrician/Plebeian marriage approvedPatrician/Plebeian marriage approved
• Plebeians moved Rome closer to Plebeians moved Rome closer to democracydemocracy
• The most significant victory—the The most significant victory—the Twelve Tables—a written law codeTwelve Tables—a written law code
The Twelve TablesThe Twelve Tables
• Roman law had Roman law had rested on unwritten rested on unwritten traditions traditions – patrician judges patrician judges
interpreted unfairlyinterpreted unfairly– Plebeians insisted Plebeians insisted
laws be written laws be written downdown
The Twelve TablesThe Twelve Tables
• 451 B.C. patricians 451 B.C. patricians engraved the laws engraved the laws on 12 bronze on 12 bronze tablets set in the tablets set in the Forum Forum
-standards for laws-standards for laws
-principle that -principle that citizens protected citizens protected by lawby law
ReligionReligion
• Early Etruscans worshipped “spirits” Early Etruscans worshipped “spirits” ultimately seen as gods or deitiesultimately seen as gods or deities
• Adopted practice of foretelling the Adopted practice of foretelling the futurefuture
ReligionReligion
• Priests known as Priests known as soothsayers soothsayers
• Watched flight of Watched flight of birds or intestines birds or intestines of animals to gain of animals to gain knowledge of knowledge of future future
Religion Religion
• Roman influenced by Greek cultureRoman influenced by Greek culture• 500 years as a republic500 years as a republic• Borrowed Greek deities giving them Borrowed Greek deities giving them
Roman namesRoman names-Aphrodite, Greek goddess of love, -Aphrodite, Greek goddess of love, became the Roman goddess, Venusbecame the Roman goddess, Venus-Ares, Greek god of war, became Mars-Ares, Greek god of war, became Mars
- Etc.- Etc.
Religion (con’t)Religion (con’t)
• Families privately Families privately worshipped their worshipped their ancestral spirits ancestral spirits and their and their storeroom storeroom guardians guardians
• Worshipped Vesta, Worshipped Vesta, goddess of the goddess of the hearth hearth
FamilyFamily
• The basic unit of roman societyThe basic unit of roman society
• Large and close knit Large and close knit
• Unmarried children, married sons and Unmarried children, married sons and their family, all independent relatives, their family, all independent relatives, and household slavesand household slaves
• The father was the absolute headThe father was the absolute head
Father as Absolute Family Father as Absolute Family Head Head
• Conducted religious ceremoniesConducted religious ceremonies
• Controlled propertyControlled property
• Supervised education of his sonsSupervised education of his sons
• Could sell his family members into Could sell his family members into slavery slavery
• Could kill family membersCould kill family members
• However, fathers felt deep sense of However, fathers felt deep sense of responsibility for familyresponsibility for family
Roman WomenRoman Women
• Few rights, but more than Greek Few rights, but more than Greek womenwomen
• Hosted parties, did marketing, ran Hosted parties, did marketing, ran householdshouseholds
• Occasionally, acquired property and Occasionally, acquired property and businessesbusinesses
• Could study art, Greek literature, etcCould study art, Greek literature, etc
• Wealthy could let slaves do workWealthy could let slaves do work
Roman ChildrenRoman Children
• Firm disciplineFirm discipline
• Complete family Complete family loyaltyloyalty
Parental TrainingParental Training
• Parents taught Parents taught children reading, children reading, writing, and moral writing, and moral standardsstandards
• Fathers trained Fathers trained boys: farmers and boys: farmers and soldierssoldiers
• Mothers taught Mothers taught daughters to run daughters to run householdshouseholds
ValuesValues
• ThriftThrift
• DisciplineDiscipline
• Self-sacrificeSelf-sacrifice
• Devotion to familyDevotion to family
• Devotion to the republicDevotion to the republic