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Chapter 7
Instrumentation
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Empirical Data• We need DATA
• We can’t rely solely upon our senses
• We develop INSTRUMENTS to compensate for the limitations of our senses.
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Good Instrumentation• Validity and Reliability
• Validity is the confidence we have that we are measuring what we think we are measuring
• Validity is the degree to which you can defend the conclusions you draw from using the instrument
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Reliability• Consistency
– If the instrument is used twice in the same situation with the same person, will it produce the same results?
– Can we rely upon it to be consistent time after time? (think of a watch as instrument to measure time)
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Reference point of data collection
• Who provides the data?– Researcher – checklists, observations– Participant – self report– Third party – checklists, observations
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Researcher completed
• Checklists
• Interview schedules
• Notes of observations
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Participant Completed• Questionnaires
• Performance tests
• Personality tests
• Projective tests
• Achievement tests
• Aptitude tests
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• Aptitude Tests– Predict future performance
• Achievement tests– Measure current knowledge
• Performance tests– Measure current ability to complete tasks
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• Norm-referenced tests– Comparison of individual score to others– Intelligence test– ISAT, Iowa Basic Skills Test– SAT aptitude test– Personality test
– Percentile’s - derived scores– Grading on a curve
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• Criterion referenced test– Individual score is compare to a benchmark (a
criterion)
– If Raw Score used (no conversion): C-R test– Mastery of material– Earning a grade in my class
– Disadvantage is potential lack of variability
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• End chapter 7
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