Chapter 7: Memory and Training
Slide Template
WORKING MEMORY
Representation of working memory
• Encoding• Storage • Retrieval
Working memory model
• Phonological loop• Visuo-spatial sketchpad• Central executive • Episodic buffer.
Working Memory Interference
• Code Interference– Verbal-phonetic versus visual-spatial code
interference• Interference in the Central Executive – Central-executive intensive tasks (random number
generation)
Working Memory, the Central Executive and Executive Control
• Working memory capacity• Role of central executive in executive control
Matching Display with Working Memory Code
• Stimulus/central processing/response compatibility.
• Echoic and iconic memory
Limitations of Working Memory
• Duration– Brown Peterson paradigm.
• Capacity – Relationship with speed of rehearsal. – Magic number 7 +/- 2. �
• Chunking– Chunks of information – Parsing
INTERFERENCE & CONFUSION
Proactive and Retroactive Interference
• Relationship between interference, and space and similarity
• Implications of design– Working memory analysis
EXPERTISE AND MEMORY
Expertise
• General characteristics• Intrinsic versus contrived tasks
Expertise and Chunking
• Template theory and chunking• Chunking strategies• Novice versus expert differences
Skilled Memory and Long Term Working Memory
• Limitations of chunking based accounts• Long-term working memory theory
EVERYDAY MEMORY
Prospective Memory
• Effects of delay on PM performance• PM and motivation• Implementation intention and strategies to
improve PM
Transactive Memory (System)
• Properties of a TMS – Specialisation, coordination and credibility
• Collaborative inhibition – How it can be reduced
• TMS and team performance
SITUATION AWARENESS
Situation Awareness versus Situation Assessment
• Examples
Working Memory and Expertise in Situation Awareness
• Evidence for links between WM and SA• Role of LTWM in SA
Levels of SA and Anticipation
• Endsley’s Three levels of SA– Perception– Comprehension – Projection
• Mechanisms by which anticipation is accomplished
Measuring SA and the Role of Anticipation
• SAGAT• SPAM• Implicit performance-based measures
PLANNING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
Planning and Problem Solving
• Role of working memory and difficulty• Satisficing problem solving and opportunistic
planning• Supporting planning and problem solving– Visualisation
• Heuristic strategies in problem solving• Training to support team problem solving – Heterogeneous and homogeneous pairs
TRAINING
Transfer of Training
• Measuring transfer– Transfer effectiveness ratio.
• Training system fidelity – Realism, complexity, workload and learning outcome
Transfer of Training
• Negative transfer – Similarity of stimulus and response elements
between old and new task.
Training Techniques and Strategies
• Cognitive Load Theory – Intrinsic load, germane load and extraneous load
• Training support and error prevention: Reducing intrinsic load – Worked examples and scaffolding
• Task simplification– Reducing intrinsic load – adaptive training
• Part task training– Reducing intrinsic load – fractionation (task), segmentation (task),
time sharing skills, and variable priority training• Active learning
– Increasing germane load – generation effect, and active versus passive learning
Training Techniques and Strategies
• Multi-media instruction– Decreasing extraneous load – dual-coding
principle• Feedback• Practice and overlearning• Expertise effect• Distribution of practice• Training-transfer
LONG TERM MEMORY: REPRESENTATION, ORGANISATION, AND RETRIEVAL
Knowledge Representation
• Procedural versus declarative knowledge• Implicit, semantic and episodic memory• Knowledge elicitation to extract domain knowledge from
experts• Knowledge organisation
– Implications for design of menus• Mental model
– Role, novice versus expert differences• Methods for representing long-term knowledge
– Work domain analysis, observations and interviews, protocol analysis
Memory Retrieval and Forgetting
• Recall and recognition– Implications for design of computer interfaces,
remember-know paradigm, retrieval cues, and retrieval induced forgetting
• Event memory– Accuracy, misinformation effect
• Skill Retention– Skill type, sequence of practice, individual
differences