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Chapter 8
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY, THIRD CANADIAN EDITION
by John Hunsley and Catherine M. Lee
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• Questions
• The person-situation debate
• Self-presentation biases
• Developing culturally appropriate measures
• Self-report checklists of behaviours and symptoms
• Projective measures of personality
• For next class
Overview
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Person
Situation
To what extent is behaviour determined by personality or context?
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Personality Behaviour
Mischel
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• Tony is quiet and thoughtful
• Tony tells jokes
• Tony likes exercising on his own
• Tony always joins in with the group
Using situational variability as an important source of information:
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• 3 different types
• Why might someone intentionally try to look good or bad on psychological tests?
• What might inconsistent or random responding indicate about the person completing the test?
Self-presentation biases & Validity scales
Malingering
Faking good
Random responses
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• Is the content applicable across different groups?
e.g., smack (England, Australia) and spank (Canada, United States)
• Are constructs related in similar ways across different groups?e.g., links between perfectionism and depression
• Do the cut-off scores developed with one group apply to other groups?
e.g., problematic levels of dependency
• Is the factor structure the same across groups?
Developing culturally useful measures
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• Jayawickreme et al. (2012) Sri Lankans affected by war
• Commonly used measures of depression and PTSD predicted functioning
• Prediction enhanced when local wording used
Culturally appropriate measures
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• Avoid using scores
• Use tests to generate hypotheses only
• Explicitly acknowledge questionable validity of test with this group
When there are no measures validated for use with a specific group
• Use measures that have been validated for the specific group
• Consult published norms in interpreting findings
• Use multiple assessment methods to reduce bias
Ideally
Culturally appropriate assessment
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• Translate from language 1 to language 2
• Back-translate from language 2 to language 1
• Compare the 2 versions and adjust as required
• Pilot test translated version for comprehensibility and adjust as required
• Test reliability of translated version in larger sample and adjust as required
• Re-standardize scores with norms from 2nd language group
• Study construct validity of translated measure
Steps to translate a measure
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Clinical utility
Do c
linic
ians
fin
d it
use
ful?
Is t
here
re
plic
ate
d
evid
en
ce o
f re
liab
ility
an
d
valid
ity?
Does it
make a difference?
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• Based on idea that we are good sources of information about ourselves– Do others see us the same way we see ourselves?
– Can we really know ourselves?
• Does “digging” lead to self-discovery?
Self-Report Personality Measures
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• Many measures available that assess a wide range of psychopathological conditions (including disordered personality characteristics)
• Measures of psychopathology commonly used by clinical psychologists– Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
– Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent
– Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III
– Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory
– Personality Assessment Inventory
Self-Report Personality Measures
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• Many measures of normal personality available
• Measures of normal personality commonly used by clinical psychologists– California Psychological Inventory
– NEO Personality Inventory–3
Self-Report Personality Measures
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• Dozens of checklists, with scientific support, available for use
• Examples of commonly used checklists– Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment• Youth Self-Report, Child Behavior Checklist• Adult Self-Report, Adult Behavior Checklist• Older Adult Self-Report, Older Adult Behavior Checklist
– Symptom Checklist-90-Revised
– Outcome Questionnaire-45
– Beck Depression Inventory-II
– Children’s Depression Inventory 2
Self-Report Checklists of Behaviour and Symptoms
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• Association techniques (indicate what a stimulus looks like)
• Construction techniques (produce a story, drawing, etc.)
• Completion techniques (finish a sentence, story, etc.)
• Arrangement/selection techniques (rank order preference for stimuli)
• Expression techniques (analysis of handwriting)
Projective Measures of Personality
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• Many concerns about standardization (or clinicians deviating from standardized procedures for administration and scoring) and availability of appropriate norms
• Considerable variability in the extent to which there are reliability and validity data supporting the test/technique– Sometimes there appears to be supporting data, but research studies may
use different stimuli or scoring systems than what are typically used by clinicians
Projective Measures of Personality
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• Thematic Apperception Test• Rorschach Inkblot Test
Projective Measures of Personality
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For next class
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