Download - CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – COAGULATION METHODS
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CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – COAGULATION METHODSCOAGULATION METHODS
CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – COAGULATION METHODSCOAGULATION METHODS
Prepared ByMichigan Department of Environmental Quality
Operator Training and Certification Unit
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CLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATIONRemoval of
Settleable and Floatable Solids
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•Increase Removal Amount(More Solids Out)
•Increase Removal Rates(Solids Settle Faster)
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
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•Less Solids
•More Sludge
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
(in effluent)
(for disposal)
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Stoke’s LawStoke’s Law
2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VF =
VF = Fall Velocity(p - po) = Density difference between
particle and watern = viscosity of waterg = gravitational acceleration constantd = diameter of the particle
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2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VF =
VF = Fall Velocity(p - po) = Density difference between
particle and watern = viscosity of waterg = gravitational acceleration constantd = diameter of the particle
Stoke’s LawStoke’s Law
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2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VF =
VF = Fall Velocity(p - po) = Density difference between
particle and watern = viscosity of waterg = gravitational acceleration constantd = diameter of the particle
Stoke’s LawStoke’s Law
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2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VF =
VF = Fall Velocity(p - po) = Density difference between
particle and watern = viscosity of waterg = gravitational acceleration constantd = diameter of the particle
Stoke’s LawStoke’s Law
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•Increase Particle Size(Average Diameter)
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
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Particle Size versus Settling Time
Particle Sizemm Order of Size Time to Settle
1.0 Coarse Sand 3 Seconds
0.1 Fine Sand 38 Seconds
0.01 Silt 33 Minutes
0.001 Bacteria 55 Hours
0.0001 Colloidal 230 Days
0.00001 Colloidal 6.3 Years
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•Increase Particle Size
•Encourage Contact
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
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CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION
1. Coagulation2. Flocculation
3. Separation
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Coagulation
•Rapid Mixing
•“Pin-point” Floc Formation
•Chemical Addition
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FlocculationFlocculation• Slow Mixing
• Floc Growth
• Increased Diameter
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Solids SeparationSolids SeparationSolids SeparationSolids Separation
• Clarified Liquid• Concentrated Suspension
(sludge)
Usually Gravity Settling
Other Processes(dissolved air flotation, etc.)
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•Increase Particle Size
•Encourage Contact
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
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* Fine Suspended Particles Have an Electrostatic Charge (Usually +)
* Encourage Contact
* Destabilize Charges
Natural Stabilizing ForceKeeps Solids Apart
Like Charges Repel
Purpose of Chemical Clarification
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Mechanisms
•Electrostatic Charge Reduction
•Interparticle Bridging
•Physical Enmeshment
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Electrostatic Charge Reduction
• Solid Particles have an Electrostatic Charge
usually negative
solids repel one another
• Add Chemical to Neutralize Charge
positive charge (cationic)
• Must Not Overdose
excess positive charge
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Interparticle Bridging• Polyelectrolytes (polymers)
long chainselectrostatic charges
• Adsorb on the Charged Particles
bridges particles together
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NegativeColloidalParticles
Cationic Polymer Unit
Interparticle Bridging
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Interparticle Bridging• Polyelectrolytes (polymers)
long chainselectrostatic charges
• Adsorb on the Charged Particles
bridges particles together
•Must Not Overdose
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Physical Enmeshment• Ions Combine with Hydroxyl Ions
OH -
• Gelatinous Precipitate Forms
flakes
void spaces
• Collects Particles as it Forms
co-precipitate
enlarges the floc
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Mechanisms
•Electrostatic Charge Reduction
•Interparticle Bridging
•Physical Enmeshment
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CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
1. Coagulation1. Coagulation2. Flocculation2. Flocculation3. Separation3. Separation
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COAGULATION
FLOCCULATION
Rapid MixAdequate Contact
Slow MixingIncrease Floc Size
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PROCESS CONTROL
1. Provide complete mixing.
2. Control mixing for floc.
3. Control chemical dose.
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Chemical TreatmentChemical TreatmentChemical TreatmentChemical Treatment
Addition of
Positive Ions (Cations)
orPolymers
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CHEMICAL TREATMENTCHEMICAL TREATMENT
Aluminum Sulfate (Al+3)
Calcium Hydroxide (Ca+2)
Ferric (Iron) Chloride (Fe+3)
Positive Ions Added by AddingMetal Salts
Such As
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Metal Salts UsedMetal Salts UsedMost Common
Alum (Aluminum Sulfate)Alum (Aluminum Sulfate)Ferric ChlorideFerric ChlorideLime ( Calcium Hydroxide)Lime ( Calcium Hydroxide)
Others
Sodium AluminateSodium AluminateFerric SulfateFerric SulfateFerrous SulfateFerrous SulfateFerrous ChlorideFerrous Chloride
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Aluminum Sulfate (Dry)Al2(SO4)3
. 14 H2O
“Alum” or “Filter Alum”
Available in Various GradesLump (rarely used)
Ground (granulated)Rice
Powdered
Feeds Easilydoesn’t “bulk”
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Aluminum Sulfate (Dry)Al2(SO4)3
. 14 H2O
Irritantskinmucus membraneseyes
Irritantskinmucus membraneseyes
Must be kept dryMust be kept drycake to solid lumpcake to solid lumpcorrosivecorrosiveequipment must be cleanedequipment must be cleaned
Dosage Approximately 75 - 250 mg/LDosage Approximately 75 - 250 mg/L
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Aluminum Sulfate (Liquid)Al2(SO4)3
Approximately 11 pounds / gallonApproximately 5.4 pounds of “dry”/gal
Ease of Handling vs. Transportation Costs
Corrosiveequipment must be protected
Supports Bacterial Growth / Deposits
Reduces Alkalinity
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Ferric Chloride Ferric Chloride (FeCl(FeCl33))Anhydrous
Absorbs Moisture from the AirCorrosive with WaterReleases Heat as it is Dissolved
CrystalAbsorbs MoistureReleases Less Heat
LiquidLined ContainersShipped at 30 - 40 %Approximately 12 pounds per gallon
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Ferric Chloride Ferric Chloride (FeCl(FeCl33))
Corrosiveequipment must be protected
Stains
Safety Concerns
Dosage Approximately 45 - 90 mg/L
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LIMEHydrated Lime
Ca(OH)2
CoagulantpH AdjustmentAbsorbs Moisture
Quicklime (anhydrous)CaOAbsorbs MoistureMust be “Slaked”Heat GeneratedCosts vs. Handling
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LIMEErode or Wear Equipment
Scale Build-up
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LIMEErode or Wear Equipment
Scale Build-up
Dosage Approximately 200 - 400 mg/L
Irritantskineyesmucus membraneslungs
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Polymeric Flocculants“Polyelectrolytes”
“Polymers”
Organic Compounds - Repeating Units
Long Chain - High Molecular Weight
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PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymers
Classified By:Classified By:
ChargeCharge
Charge DensityCharge Density
Size (Length)Size (Length)
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PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymers
Charge:Charge:
““Cationic” - positive chargeCationic” - positive charge
““Anionic” - negative chargeAnionic” - negative charge
““Nonionic” - no free chargeNonionic” - no free charge
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PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymersCharge Density:Charge Density:
Relative Number of Locations Along Relative Number of Locations Along the Chain That Carry a Chargethe Chain That Carry a Charge
Percent of Maximum PossiblePercent of Maximum Possible
Low Charge (<25%)Low Charge (<25%)Medium Charge (25 -50%)Medium Charge (25 -50%)High Charge (>50%)High Charge (>50%)
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PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymersSize (Length):Size (Length):
Designated by Molecular WeightDesignated by Molecular Weight““Low” - <10,000 gm/moleLow” - <10,000 gm/mole
““Medium” - 10,000 to 100,000 gm/moleMedium” - 10,000 to 100,000 gm/mole
““High” - 100,000 to 1,000,000 gm/moleHigh” - 100,000 to 1,000,000 gm/mole
““Very High” - 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 gm/moleVery High” - 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 gm/mole
““Ultrahigh” - >10,000,000 gm/moleUltrahigh” - >10,000,000 gm/mole
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AnionicPolymers
CationicPolymers
NonionicPolymers
0 % +100 %-100 % +50 %-50 %
MW = 104 gm/moleLow MW
MW = 105 gm/moleMedium MW
MW = 106 gm/moleHigh MW
MW = 107 gm/moleVery High MW
MW > 107 gm/moleUltrahigh MW
Flocculatingafter
Coagulation
SludgeDewatering
Coagulation
POLYMER MAP
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PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymersAvailable as:
LiquidDryGelEmulsion
Must be Dilutedusually <1%
Can Be Very Viscousmay build up in pipes and pumpsclean regularly
salt water - dilute bleach
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PolymersDry Polymers:
absorb moisture - ineffectivemay form “fish-eyes”aged for maximum efficiency
2 hours minimum7 days maximum
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Polymers
Considered Non-Hazardous
Extremely SlipperyClean Up Immediately
SaltChlorineDrying AgentsAbsorbent Materials
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PolymersPolymers
Dosage Rateusually less than 1 mg/L(0.25 to 1.5 mg/L)
Overdose Worse Than No PolymerOverdose Worse Than No Polymer
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CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
1. Coagulation1. Coagulation2. Flocculation2. Flocculation3. Separation3. Separation
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PROCESS CONTROLPROCESS CONTROLPROCESS CONTROLPROCESS CONTROL
1. Provide complete 1. Provide complete mixing.mixing.
2. Control mixing for 2. Control mixing for flocculation.flocculation.
3. Control chemical dose.3. Control chemical dose.
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Equipment
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
CHEMICALCHEMICALCLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION
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Dry Chemical Feeders
VOLUMETRIC
Measures chemical amount by VOLUME
GRAVIMETRIC
Measures chemical amount by WEIGHT
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VOLUMETRIC FEEDERSLess Expensive
Low Delivery Rate
Less Accurate
Screw Feed Mechanism
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Volumetric Screw Feeder
ChemicalChemicalHopperHopper
ChemicalChemicalHopperHopper
DriveMechanism
RotatingFeed Screw
MixingTank
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Gravimetric Feeders
Loss-in-Weight Gravimetric Feeders
Belt Gravimetric Feeders
Highly AccurateClose Dosage Control
Chemical Cost Savings
Intermediate Cost
Accurate & Reliable
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Gravimetric FeederGravimetric FeederGravimetric FeederGravimetric Feeder
HopperScale Beam
Control Wedge
Endless Belt
Slide Gate
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GRAVIMETRIC BELT FEEDER
WEIGH BELTWEIGH BELT
CHEMICALHOPPER
WEIGHDECK
VERTICALVERTICALGATEGATE
WEIGHBEAM
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GRAVIMETRIC FEEDERS
ADVANTAGES
1. Calibration normally not required
2. Greater accuracy and dependability
3. Incorporation of totalizer
4. Automatic proportioning
5. Low maintenance; simple operation
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BULKSTORAGE
BINDAY HOPPER
FEEDER
DISSOLVER
HOLDINGTANK
WATER SUPPLY
PUMP TOAPPLICATION
GRAVITY TOAPPLICATION
TYPICAL DRY CHEMICAL FEED SYSTEMTYPICAL DRY CHEMICAL FEED SYSTEM
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CHEMICALHOPPER
MIXER
WATERSUPPLY
TOAPPLICATION
FEEDER
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Loss-in-weight Gravimetric Feeder
SCALE DRYFEEDER
DISPERSER
WATER SUPPLY
MIXER
MIXING TANK
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SCALE
DRYFEEDER
DISPERSER
WATER SUPPLY
MIXER
MIXING TANK
TRANSFERPUMPMETERING
PUMP
APPLICATIONPOINT
POLYMER FEED SYSTEM
AGINGTANK
HOLDINGTANK
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Liquid Feeders
Rotary Dippers
Rotometers
Metering Pumps
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METERING PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Gear
Diaphragm
Plunger
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GEAR PUMP
Gear
Gear
Suction Discharge
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GEAR PUMP
Suction Discharge
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PLUNGER PUMP
PLUNGERSUCTION
VALVE
DISCHARGEVALVE
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DIAPHRAGM METERING PUMP
SUCTION STROKE
INTAKE
OPEN
CLOSED
ECCENTRIC DRIVE
DIAPHRAGM
PLUNGER
PUMPINGCHAMBER
CHECK VALVEASSEMBLY
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DIAPHRAGM METERING PUMP
DISCHARGE STROKE
OPEN
CLOSED
ECCENTRIC DRIVE
DIAPHRAGM
PLUNGER
PUMPINGCHAMBER
CHECK VALVEASSEMBLY
HYDRAULICFLUID
OUTLET
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DIAPHRAGM PUMP
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Treatment Process
Coagulation
Flocculation
Separation
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MIXING
Initial Rapid Mixing
Uniform Dispersion
Efficient Application
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Feed
Impeller
Overflow
FLASH MIX TANKFLASH MIX TANK
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FLASH MIX TANKFLASH MIX TANK
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FLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATION
Gentle Mixing
Particle Contact
In Biological Process
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Feed
ImpellerOverflow
FLOCCULATION TANKFLOCCULATION TANK
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Typical Mechanically Mixed Flocculating ClarifierTypical Mechanically Mixed Flocculating Clarifier
Influent
Effluent
Flocculation
Chamber
SlowMixers
CircularBaffle
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Treatment Process
Coagulation
Flocculation
Separation
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Prepared ByMichigan Department of Environmental Quality
Operator Training and Certification Unit
CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – COAGULATION METHODSCOAGULATION METHODS
CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION – COAGULATION METHODSCOAGULATION METHODS