Download - Chemistry Chapter 15
Chemistry Chapter Chemistry Chapter 1515
Chemical Formulas
and Chemical CompoundsHeart cell rhythm depends on the opening
and closing of a complex series of valves on the cell membrane, called ion channels. Some valves let certain ions ike potassium (K+) flow out, others let different ions like sodium (Na+) flow in. There are also pumps that actively move ions one direction or another.
IonsIonsIonsIons• CationCation: A positive ion: A positive ion
• MgMg2+2+, NH, NH44++
• AnionAnion: A negative ion: A negative ion
• ClCl, SO, SO4422
• Ionic BondingIonic Bonding: Force of : Force of attraction between oppositely attraction between oppositely charged ions.charged ions.
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic Charges
Group 1Group 1::Lose 1 electron to form Lose 1 electron to form 1+1+ ions ions
HH++ LiLi++ NaNa++ KK++
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic Charges
Group 2Group 2::Loses 2 electrons to form Loses 2 electrons to form 2+2+ ions ions
BeBe2+2+ MgMg2+2+ CaCa2+2+ SrSr2+2+ BaBa2+2+
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 13Group 13:: Loses 3 Loses 3 electrons to electrons to form form 3+3+ ions ions
BB3+3+ AlAl3+3+ GaGa3+3+
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 14Group 14:: Lose 4 Lose 4 electrons or electrons or gain gain 4 electrons?4 electrons?
Neither! Neither! Group 14 Group 14 elements rarely elements rarely form ions.form ions.
Lead (Pb) and Tin (Sn) are metals and they lose electrons: Pb2+, Pb 4+, Sn2+ and Sn4+.
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 15Group 15:: Gains 3 Gains 3 electrons to electrons to form form 3-3- ions ions
NN3-3-
PP3-3-
AsAs3-3-
Nitride
Phosphide
Arsenide
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 16Group 16:: Gains 2 Gains 2 electrons to electrons to form form 2-2- ions ions
OO2-2-
SS2-2-
SeSe2-2-
Oxide
Sulfide
Selenide
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 17Group 17:: Gains 1 Gains 1 electron to form electron to form 1-1- ions ions
FF1-1-
ClCl1-1-
BrBr1-1-Fluoride
Chloride
Bromide
II1-1- Iodide
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroup 18Group 18:: Stable Noble Stable Noble gases gases do notdo not form ions!form ions!
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroups 3 - Groups 3 - 1212::
Many Many transitiontransition elements elements have more than one possible have more than one possible oxidation state.oxidation state.Iron(II) = Fe2+ Iron(III) = Fe3+
To show which ion it is we use Roman numerals in naming ions with more than one possible charge!!
Predicting Ionic ChargesPredicting Ionic ChargesGroups 3 - Groups 3 - 1212::
Some Some transitiontransition elements elements have only one possible oxidation have only one possible oxidation state.state.Zinc = Zn2+ Silver = Ag+
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Barium nitrate
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
BaBa2+2+ NONO33--2. Check to see if charges
are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
Not balanced!
( ( ) )
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Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Ammonium sulfate
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
NHNH44++ SOSO44
2-2-2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
Not balanced!
( ( ) )
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Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Iron(III) chloride
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
FeFe3+3+ClCl--2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
Not balanced!
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Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Aluminum sulfide
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
AlAl3+3+ SS2-2-2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
Not balanced!
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Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Magnesium carbonate
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
MgMg2+2+ COCO332-2-2. Check to see if
charges are balanced.
They are balanced!
Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Zinc hydroxide
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
ZnZn2+2+ OHOH--2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
Not balanced!
( ( ))
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Writing Ionic Compound Writing Ionic Compound FormulasFormulas
Example: Aluminum phosphate
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
AlAl3+3+ POPO443-3-2. Check to see if charges
are balanced.
They ARE balanced!
Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds• 1. 1. Cation first, then anionCation first, then anion
• 2. Monatomic cation = name of 2. Monatomic cation = name of the elementthe element
• CaCa2+2+ = calcium = calcium ionion
• 3. Monatomic anion = 3. Monatomic anion = rootroot + + -ide-ide
• ClCl = chlor = chlorideide
• CaClCaCl22 = calcium chlor= calcium chlorideide
Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds(continued)(continued)
Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds(continued)(continued)
• -- some some metal forms more than one metal forms more than one cationcation
• -- use use Roman numeralRoman numeral in namein name
• PbClPbCl22
• PbPb2+2+ is cationis cation
• PbClPbCl22 = lead( = lead(IIII) chloride) chloride
Metals with multiple oxidation Metals with multiple oxidation statesstates
Naming Binary CompoundsNaming Binary CompoundsNaming Binary CompoundsNaming Binary Compounds• -- Compounds between two Compounds between two nonmetalsnonmetals• -- First element First element in the formula is in the formula is named firstnamed first..• -- Second element Second element is named as if it were an is named as if it were an
anionanion..• -- Use prefixesUse prefixes• -- Only use Only use monomono on second element - on second element -
PP22OO55 ==COCO22 = =
CO =CO =
NN22O =O =
didiphosphorus phosphorus pentpentoxideoxide
carbon carbon didioxideoxide
carbon carbon monmonoxideoxide
didinitrogen nitrogen monmonoxideoxide