Hydrocarbons Derivatives
José Ángel García Sánchez ID: 1722659Brenda Karina Rangel ID:
Ivan Rigoberto Ibarra Rodriguez ID: 173407Abril Ameyal Loyola Nuño ID: 1739803
Ingrid Tatiana Serna Martínez ID: 1738309
CHEMISTRY: Selected Topics | Stage #1 | Metacognition Activity | Group 408
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Introduction
Generalities
Chemical Reaction
Daily-Life Applications and Examples
Bibliography
Introduction
The hydrocarbons derivatives are
formed when one or more Hydrogen
atoms are replaced by an element or a groups of elements
other than Hydrogen.
A functional group is a
reactive group of atoms (eg. –
OH)
Due to the reactivity of the
functional groups, we can determine the physical and
chemical properties of compounds.
We also classify
compounds based on
these groups.
Generalities
Chemical ReactionREACTION OF HALOALKANE: ALCOHOL FORMATION
It´s a substitution reaction where one alkyl halide react with a strong base:
FORMULA: X + NaOH OH + NaX
EXAMPLE:
Cl + NaOH OH + NaCl
Ethyl Alcohol (alcohol)
Sodium hydroxide (base)
Sodium chloride (salt)
Ethyl chloride (haloalkane)
Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALCOHOLES: OXIDATION PRIMARY
In oxidation, as we know, involves oxygen which is proportionated to a strong oxidant agent. In this case the primary alcoholes are oxided to aldehydes and this oxidyze in order to créate carboxylic acids.
FORMULA:
EXAMPLE:
R CH OH + R OH + Oxidant
Primary alcohol Aldehyde
CH O + OH + Ethanol Ethanal
at 250° C
CH O + COOH Ethanal Acetic Acid
Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALCOHOLES: OXIDATION SECONDARY
In oxidation, as we know, involves oxygen which is proportionated to a strong oxidant agent. In this case the secondary alcohol can oxidyze to ketones.
FORMULA:R C R + R R +
Secondary alcohol
Ketone
OH O
EXAMPLE:
Chemical ReactionREACTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: ESTERIFICATION
In esterification, the alcoholes can react with carboxylic acids in a half hot acid, creating esters, which have a sweet odor and are used in roder to synthetize fragances and fruits.
FORMULA:
EXAMPLES:
Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALCOHOLES: FERMENTATION
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast perform fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. It
´s the main method to produce alcohol
FORMULA:
NOTES ABOUT ALCOHOL REACTIONS:
1.- the most common oxidants are: Cooper (Cu), Chromo trioxid (Cr), Potassium dichromat ( ) and Potassium Permanganete ( )
2.- The tertiary level alcohls in fact do not really react to oxidize
Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: OXIDATION
In oxidation, the aldehydes and ketones have the facility to be oxdized. The aldehydes are oxidized wit facility even in soft or moderate conditions, giving as a product carboxylic acids, nor like ketones,
which can resist to oxidqation. Thish is because of the hydrogen of carbón from the carbonilic group of the aldehyde, which ketones doesn´t have it. This hydrogen is lost during oxidation. In other words, ketones do not react to oxidation.
FORMULA:
EXAMPLES:
BOTH OF THEM ARE ALDEHYDES
Chemical ReactionREACTION OF AMINES: ACID-BASE REACTION
In acid-base reaction, the acids and base react together in order to form water and a salt, the amines can do it to, being acids and also act as a base. The amines, having some characteristics of bases, are considered organic
bases, by that they can react with acids in order to make salts.
EXAMPLE:
Daily-Life Applications and Examples
• Iodoethane (methyl idodide)– Intermediate in the manufacture
of some pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
– Proposed uses of methyl iodide are as a fire extinguisher
– Used as an insecticidal fumigant.
Haloalkanes
Daily-Life Applications and Examples
• Ethanol– Alcoholic drinks production– Biofuel in cars– As a solvent for perfumes
• Esters; ethyl propanoate (ethyl acetate)– Artificial fruit essences and aroma
enhancers– Artificial flavors for confectionery, ice
cream and cakes– as a solvent in many applications
(including decaffeinating tea and coffee) for varnishes and paints (nail varnish remover)
– manufacture of printing inks and perfumes.
Alcohols
Daily-Life Applications and Examples
• Methanal (formaldehyde)– Its largest application is in the
production of certain polymeric materials: adhesives and coatings.
– It is used in tanning, preserving, and embalming and as a germicide, fungicide and insecticide for plants and vegetables.
Aldehydes
Daily-Life Applications and Examples
• Propanone (acetone)– the most common use of acetone is as the active
ingredient in nail polish remover.– As a solvent for many different materials, such
as plastics or other man-made, petroleum-based substances.
– As an additive in makeup and some kinds of food. In particular it can be found in bread where it helps to mature and bleach flour.
– As an additive to the gasoline in their cars. The chemical's dissolving power seems to come in handy cleaning off engine buildup, allowing the vehicles to run more smoothly.
Ketones
Daily-Life Applications and Examples
• Methanoic acid (formic acid)– Used in the production of leather. – Used in textile and rubber industries.– Because of its natural antibacterial
properties is used in antibacterial preservative and pesticide and food additives-
Countries such as Austria and Switzerland. These countries, which fight bitter winters and very dangerous roads, are now using formates, which are the salts that are derived from formic acid (increase the gripping ability).
Carboxylic acids
Daily-Life Applications and Examples
• Amines; 1-aminopropane (propylamine)– The main applications can be
found in the production of agricultural chemicals a well known fungicide)
– Used in active pharmaceutical ingredients
Amines
BibliographyClark, Jim. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/amines/base.html. 2004. 01 de 02 de 2016.
Martinez Javier, Morales Guadalupe, Tehuitzitl Felipe, Rodriguez Maria. Temas Selectos de Quimica. Mexico D.F.: UANL, 2015.
Wade, Leory G. http://www.britannica.com/science/ether-chemical-compound. 24 de 07 de 2015. 01 de 02 de 2016.• Acidpedia. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 4, 2016, from Formic acid: http://acidpedia.org/formic_acid/• BASF. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 4, 2016, from http://product-finder.basf.com/group/corporate/product-finder/en/brand/
PROPYLAMINE• Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Aldehydes: http://www.britannica.com/science/aldehyde/Uses-of-
aldehydes• CHM. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Ethyl Acetate: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/ethylacetate/ethylv.htm• EHOW. (s.f.). Recuperado el 4 de Feb de 2016, de Common Uses of Chemical Acetone:
http://www.ehow.com/info_8625436_common-uses-chemical-acetone.html• EPA. (2015, September 9). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Mathyl Iodine:
http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/methylio.html• GCSesscience. (2015). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Uses of Ethanol: http://www.gcsescience.com/o43.htm