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Chemistry of Life
PA State Standards
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Nutrition• Secretion• Excretion• Movement• Reproduction• Response• Growth• Respiration
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Nutrition • Made up of
ingestion, or taking in food, and digestion, or changing food into a usable form.
• Plants ingest sunlight, water, minerals
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Respiration• Exchange and use
of gases• Especially oxygen
and carbon dioxide
• Helps to release energy from food
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Reproduction• Producing more of
it’s own kind• Survival of the
species depends on it
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Excretion• Removal of
wastes
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Growth• Development and
aging of organisms over time
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Response • React to changes
in its surroundings or the environment
• Example: Blinking
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Movement• Organism may
move and materials inside also move
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8 Functions (in no particular order)
• Secretion• Useful chemicals
made and given off
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Living vs. Non-living vs. Dead
Dead Non-Living Living
Living organisms that were once alive, but are no
longer
Not able to do all of the 8 functions nor were ever alive
An organism that is able to perform
ALL 8 functions
Example: Roadkill
Example:Rock
Example:Plant,
Animal, etc.
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Spontaneous Generation
• The thought that living things come from non-living things.
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Francesco Redi
• Italian doctor who challenged the theory of spontaneous generation
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Redi’s experiment
• Problem: Where do maggots come from?
• He believed maggots come from flies.
• He took 3 jars of meat . . .
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Redi’s experiment
• His first jar of meat had no covering
• Flies were seen flying on and near meat
• Maggots developed on the meat
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Redi’s Experiment• The 2nd jar of meat
had a netting on top.
• Flies were observed flying on and near netting
• Maggots appeared on the netting.
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Redi’s Experiment
• The 3rd jar of meat was sealed.
• No flies could get near the meat.
• No maggots developed
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Redi’s experiment
• What did Redi’s experiment show? – Maggots do not come from rotting
meat, they come from other flies– Disproved Spontaneous Generation
– Was his hypothesis correct or incorrect?
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Louis Pasteur
• A French chemist and microbiologist who also disproved the idea that microbes grew from organic matter.
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Louis Pasteur’s Experiment
• Where do microbes come from that cause broth to decay?
• Believed that microbes come from cells of organisms in the air, not the air itself.
• Set up an experiment using 3 S-shaped jars
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Pasteur’s experiment
• Filled the jar with broth
• The S-shape was used to try and stop dust particles from entering jar.
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Pasteur’s experiment
• He boiled the jars to kill any microbes
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Pasteur’s experiment
• Left the three flasks out in various locations
• The broth did not turn cloudy, and no microbes were present in the broth
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Pasteur’s Experiment• Notice the dust
that collected in the neck of the jar.
• When the S-shape was broken, Microbes were found growing in the broth.
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Pasteur’s Experiment
• What did Pasteur disprove?– Spontaneous Generation – Microbes
come from cells in organisms found in the air, not the air itself.
• What did Pasteur discover? – Pasteurization
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Matter
• Anything that has mass and takes up space
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4 States of Matter
S o lidIce cube
A tom s packed tight
L iqu idW ater
A tom s not packed as tight
G asW ate r V apor
A tom s free to m ove
P lasm aN orthern ligh ts
M ore ene rgy than gas
4 s ta tes o f m a tter
Solid – ice cube – atoms packed tight together
Liquid – water – atoms not packed as tight
Gas – Water Vapor – atoms free to move about
Plasma – Northern lights, neon lights – more energy than gas
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Phase Changes
• Kinetic Theory of Matter – Occur due to adding or taking away energy
• given this term because Kinetic means motion of energy
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Phase Changes
• Melting• Solid to a liquid• Ice cube to water
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Phase Changes
• Freezing • Going from a
liquid to solid• Water to Ice cube
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Phase Changes
• Condensation• Gas to a Liquid• Steam to Water
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Phase Changes
• Sublimation• Solid to Gas• Dry Ice to Carbon Dioxide
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Phase Changes
• Evaporation• Liquid to Gas• Water to Steam
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Atom
• Tiny particles that make up matter or the building blocks of matter
• 3 Basic Parts– Neutron– Proton– Electron
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Element
• Matter that is made up of only one kind of atom
• Examples:• C = Carbon• N = Nitrogen• Fe = Iron
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C. HOPKINS CaFe – Elements found in all living things *found in large amounts
C * Carbon N * Nitrogen
H * Hydrogen S Sulfur
O * Oxygen Ca * Calcium
P * Phosphorous Fe Iron
K Potassium These are found
Na – SodiumZn - Zinc
I Iodine In small amounts
Cl – ChlorineMg- Magnesium
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Compounds
• Two or more elements that are chemically joined
• Examples:
• H2O – 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen
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Molecule• Smallest part of a
compound.• Example: A cup of
water might have 2,000 molecules of H2O
• Where a drop of water might have 5 molecules of H2O
• All molecules of water have the same properties
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Chemical Formulas
• Combination of symbols
• Chemicals are joined by their outside energy levels
• Examples:
• CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
• NH3 - Ammonia
• C6H12O6 - Glucose
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• DO NOT contain CARBON.
• Carbon dioxide – Plants complete PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Water – without water, all living things would eventually die
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• CONTAIN CARBON
• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
• Made up of C, H, O• Two types of Carbohydrates:
– Starches– Sugar
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Lipids
• Another name: Fat• Made up of C, H, O - but in longer,
bigger molecules• Two types:
– Fat – Solid at room temperature– Oil – Liquid at room temperature
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Proteins
• Made up of C, H, O, N and sometimes S and P
• Building blocks of proteins = Amino Acids
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Important Jobs of Proteins
• Build growth and repair body structures
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Important Jobs of Proteins
• Build Hair, Muscles, and other body parts
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Important Jobs of Proteins
• Provide Energy
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Important Jobs of Proteins
• Carry Oxygen in Blood (Hemoglobin)
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Important Jobs of Proteins
• Make hormones and fight germs
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What are enzymes?
• Special type of protein that regulate chemical activities in the body.
• Help to start or stop chemical reactions in the body
• Example: Salivary Amylase – in your saliva to break down sugars
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)– Found in the nucleus of a cell– Carries the blueprint to make you, look
like you
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)– Single stranded (not double like DNA)– Single Copy of DNA– Many important jobs to do in body
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Vitamins
• Mostly obtained from outside substances – found in our foods
• Needed for normal growth and metabolism
• Let’s look at a few examples.
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Vitamin C
• Helpful for growth and strong gums
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Vitamin A
• Needed for tissue and cell maintenance, night vision, healthy bones, teeth and skin
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Vitamin B1
• Helpful for red blood cell production, healthy nervous system, and growth
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Vitamin D
• Needed by bones to absorb calcium
• Maintains strength in bones and teeth
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Minerals
• Inorganic Compounds needed in the body
• Examples: Calcium, Phosphorous compounds
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Water
• All things need it to survive
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Carbon Dioxide • Plants complete Photosynthesis – allowing them to make food for themselves by using the sunlight for energy
• Plants take in Carbon Dioxide and give off Oxygen during respiration.
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7 Compounds needed for LifeCompound Elements
Carbohydrates C, H, OStarch and Sugar are examples
Lipids (Fat) C, H, OFat (solid) and Oil (liquid)
Proteins C, H, O, N and sometimes S and PBuilding blocks = Amino Acids
Vitamins C, A, B, D – look at your handout
Minerals Inorganic compounds needed in small amounts to form body structures
Water Dehydration occurs with loss of water
Carbon Dioxide Photosynthesis – plants take in Carbon Dioxide give off Oxygen