Download - Chemistry, Solutions, and Acid/Base Balance
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Chemistry, Solutions, and Acid/Base Balance
Chemistry, Solutions, and Acid/Base Balance
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Water is CohesiveWater is Cohesive
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Concentrations of SolutionsConcentrations of Solutions
% solutions Molarity Osmolarity Tonicity Equivalents
% solutions Molarity Osmolarity Tonicity Equivalents
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RBCs in Different SolutionsRBCs in Different Solutions
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ureaurea
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DiffusionDiffusion
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Diffusion FactorsDiffusion Factors
Size of particle Concentration gradient Temperature Surface area Medium
Size of particle Concentration gradient Temperature Surface area Medium
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Fluid CompartmentsFluid Compartments
Figure 26.1
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Electrolyte Composition of Body Fluids
Electrolyte Composition of Body Fluids
Figure 26.2
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Continuous Mixing of
Body Fluids
Continuous Mixing of
Body Fluids
Figure 26.3
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Water Balance and ECF Osmolality
Water Balance and ECF Osmolality
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output
Water intake sources Ingested fluid (60%) and solid food (30%) Metabolic water or water of oxidation (10%)
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output
Water intake sources Ingested fluid (60%) and solid food (30%) Metabolic water or water of oxidation (10%)
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Water Balance and ECF Osmolality
Water Balance and ECF Osmolality
Water output Urine (60%) and feces (4%) Insensible losses (28%), sweat (8%)
Increases in plasma osmolality trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Water output Urine (60%) and feces (4%) Insensible losses (28%), sweat (8%)
Increases in plasma osmolality trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Water Intake and OutputWater Intake and Output
Figure 26.4
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Regulation of Water Intake: Thirst
Mechanism
Regulation of Water Intake: Thirst
Mechanism
Figure 26.5
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Figure 26.6
Mechanisms and
Consequences of ADH Release
Mechanisms and
Consequences of ADH Release
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Figure 26.7a
Disorders of Water Balance: Dehydration
Disorders of Water Balance: Dehydration
Excessive loss of H2O from ECF
1 2 3ECF osmotic pressure rises
Cells lose H2O to ECF by osmosis; cells shrink
(a) Mechanism of dehydration
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Figure 26.7b
Disorders of Water Balance: Hypotonic Hydration
Disorders of Water Balance: Hypotonic Hydration
Excessive H2O enters the ECF
1 2 ECF osmotic pressure falls
3 H2O moves into cells by osmosis; cells swell
(b) Mechanism of hypotonic hydration
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Regulation of Sodium Balance:
Aldosterone
Regulation of Sodium Balance:
Aldosterone
Figure 26.8
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Figure 26.10
Mechanisms and
Consequences of ANP Release
Mechanisms and
Consequences of ANP Release
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pHpH
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Acid-Base BalanceAcid-Base Balance
Normal pH of body fluids Arterial blood is 7.4 Venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35 Intracellular fluid is 7.0
Alkalosis or alkalemia – arterial blood pH rises above 7.45
Acidosis or acidemia – arterial pH drops below 7.35 (physiological acidosis)
Normal pH of body fluids Arterial blood is 7.4 Venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35 Intracellular fluid is 7.0
Alkalosis or alkalemia – arterial blood pH rises above 7.45
Acidosis or acidemia – arterial pH drops below 7.35 (physiological acidosis)
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Hydrogen Ion RegulationHydrogen Ion Regulation
Concentration of hydrogen ions is regulated sequentially by: Chemical buffer systems – act within seconds The respiratory center in the brain stem – acts
within 1-3 minutes Renal mechanisms – require hours to days to
effect pH changes
Concentration of hydrogen ions is regulated sequentially by: Chemical buffer systems – act within seconds The respiratory center in the brain stem – acts
within 1-3 minutes Renal mechanisms – require hours to days to
effect pH changes
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Chemical Buffer SystemsChemical Buffer Systems
One or two molecules that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added
Three major chemical buffer systems Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system
Any drifts in pH are resisted by the entire chemical buffering system
One or two molecules that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added
Three major chemical buffer systems Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system
Any drifts in pH are resisted by the entire chemical buffering system
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Physiological Buffer SystemsPhysiological Buffer Systems
The respiratory system regulation of acid-base balance is a physiological buffering system
There is a reversible equilibrium between: Dissolved carbon dioxide and water Carbonic acid and the hydrogen and
bicarbonate ions
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3¯
The respiratory system regulation of acid-base balance is a physiological buffering system
There is a reversible equilibrium between: Dissolved carbon dioxide and water Carbonic acid and the hydrogen and
bicarbonate ions
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3¯
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Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance
Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance
Only the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones) and prevent metabolic acidosis
The ultimate acid-base regulatory organs are the kidneys
Only the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones) and prevent metabolic acidosis
The ultimate acid-base regulatory organs are the kidneys
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Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Result from failure of the respiratory system PCO2 is the single most important indicator of
respiratory inadequacy PCO2 levels
Normal PCO2 fluctuates between 35 and 45 mm Hg
Values above 45 mm Hg signal respiratory acidosis Values below 35 mm Hg indicate respiratory
alkalosis
Result from failure of the respiratory system PCO2 is the single most important indicator of
respiratory inadequacy PCO2 levels
Normal PCO2 fluctuates between 35 and 45 mm Hg
Values above 45 mm Hg signal respiratory acidosis Values below 35 mm Hg indicate respiratory
alkalosis
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Metabolic AcidosisMetabolic Acidosis
All pH imbalances except those caused by abnormal blood carbon dioxide levels
Metabolic acid-base imbalance – bicarbonate ion levels above or below normal (22-26 mEq/L)
Metabolic acidosis is the second most common cause of acid-base imbalance
All pH imbalances except those caused by abnormal blood carbon dioxide levels
Metabolic acid-base imbalance – bicarbonate ion levels above or below normal (22-26 mEq/L)
Metabolic acidosis is the second most common cause of acid-base imbalance
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Metabolic AlkalosisMetabolic Alkalosis
Rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels indicate metabolic alkalosis
Typical causes are: Vomiting of the acid contents of the stomach Intake of excess base (e.g., from antacids) Constipation, in which excessive bicarbonate is
reabsorbed
Rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels indicate metabolic alkalosis
Typical causes are: Vomiting of the acid contents of the stomach Intake of excess base (e.g., from antacids) Constipation, in which excessive bicarbonate is
reabsorbed
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Respiratory and Renal Compensations
Respiratory and Renal Compensations
Acid-base imbalance due to inadequacy of a physiological buffer system is compensated for by the other system The respiratory system will attempt to correct
metabolic acid-base imbalances The kidneys will work to correct imbalances
caused by respiratory disease
Acid-base imbalance due to inadequacy of a physiological buffer system is compensated for by the other system The respiratory system will attempt to correct
metabolic acid-base imbalances The kidneys will work to correct imbalances
caused by respiratory disease