Changes Chord/Scale Reference Manual
By Larry Ross Norred, ASCAP
Spell Chords and Chord Scales in Any Key Major Chords
Minor Chords
Dominant Chords
Spell Advanced Scales and Modes in Any Key
54 Common Tone Chord Substitutions for Any Melody Note
Frequently Asked Questions
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Major Chord Scales
Chord (3)=3rd Optional 2nd 3rd Chord Scale Scale Choice Scale Choice Scale Symbol Page No. Degrees Page No. Degrees Page No. Degrees
Major Triad 6 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 66 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 (add9) 7 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 66 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 sus2 8 1-2-(3)-4-5-6-7 88 2-4-5-6-1 sus 9 1-2-(3)-4-5-6-7 88 2-4-5-6-1 4 10 1-b2-b3-4-b5-b6-b7-7 69 1-b2-b3-4-b5-b6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 5 (no3rd) 11 1-2-(3)-4-5-6-7 88 2-4-5-6-1 (b5) 12 1-2-3-4-b5-6-7 89 7-2-3-#4-6 92 7-1-3-#4-6 + or aug. 13 1-2-3-4-#5-6-7 78 1-#2-3-5-#5-7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 6/9 14 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 66 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 ma7(b5) 15 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 89 7-2-3-#4-6 92 7-1-3-#4-6 ma9(#11) 16 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 89 7-2-3-#4-6 92 7-1-3-#4-6 ma7 17 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 80 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 ma9 18 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 80 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 ma13 19 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 80 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 ma7+ 20 1-2-3-4-#5-6-7 78 1-#2-3-5-#5-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 ma9+ 21 1-2-3-4-#5-6-7 73 1-2-3-#4-#5-6-7 100 1-2-3-4-5-#5-6-7 ma13(#11) 22 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 89 7-2-3-#4-6 92 7-1-3-#4-6 II/I (D/C) 123 1-2-3-#4-5-6-7 89 7-2-3-#4-6 92 7-1-3-#4-6
Minor Chord Scales
Chord 2nd 3rd
Chord Scale Scale Choice Scale Choice Scale
Symbol Page No. Degrees Page No. Degrees Page No. Degrees Minor Triad 23 1-2-b3-4-5-6-b7 82 1-2-b3-4-5-6-7 87 1-b3-4-5-b7 mi(add9) 24 1-2-b3-4-5-6-b7 82 1-2-b3-4-5-6-7 87 1-b3-4-5-b7 mi6/9 25 1-2-b3-4-5-6-b7 82 1-2-b3-4-5-6-7 87 1-b3-4-5-b7 o7 (dim.) 26 1-2-b3-4-#4-#5-6-7 72 1-2-b3-#4-5-6-7 106 1-2-b3-4-#4-#5-6-7 mi7(b5) 27 1-b2-b3-4-b5-b6-b7 76 1-2-b3-4-b5-b6-b7 69 1-b2-b3-4-b5-b6-b7 mi7 28 1-2-b3-4-5-6-b7 101 1-2-b3-3-4-5-6-b7 87 1-b3-4-5-b7 mi9 29 1-2-b3-4-5-6-b7 101 1-2-b3-3-4-5-6-b7 87 1-b3-4-5-b7 mi11 30 1-2-b3-4-5-6-b7 101 1-2-b3-3-4-5-6-b7 87 1-b3-4-5-b7 mi13 31 1-2-b3-4-5-6-b7 101 1-2-b3-3-4-5-6-b7 87 1-b3-4-5-b7 mi(ma7) 32 1-2-b3-4-5-6-7 81 1--2-b3-4-5-b6-7 mi9(ma7) 33 1-2-b3-4-5-6-7 81 1--2-b3-4-5-b6-7 ii7/V (Gmi7/C) 34 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 90 1-2-4-5-b7 mi7(b9) 35 1-b2-b3-4-5-6-b7 65 1-b2-b3-4-5-b6-b7 70 1-b2-b3-4-5-6-b7
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Dominant Chord Scales Chord 2nd 3rd
Chord Scale Scale Choice Scale Choice Scale Symbol Page No. Degrees Page No. Degrees Page No. Degrees
7 36 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 74 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 102 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7-7 7sus 37 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 90 1-2-4-5-b7 9 38 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 74 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 102 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7-7 9sus 39 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 90 1-2-4-5-b7 11 40 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 74 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 102 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7-7 13 41 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 74 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 102 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7-7 IV/V (F/G) 42 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 90 1-2-4-5-b7 7(b5) 43 1-2-3-4-b5-6-b7 74 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 9(b5) 44 1-2-3-4-b5-6-b7 74 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 ii7/V (Gmi7/C) 45 1-2-3-4-5-6-b7 90 1-2-4-5-b7 9(#11) 46 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 96 1-b3-4-#4--5-b7 13(#11) 47 1-2-3-#4-5-6-b7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 96 1-b3-4-#4--5-b7 7(b9) 48 1-b2-3-4-5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 107 1-b2-b3-3-#4-5-6-b7 11(b9) 49 1-b2-3-4-5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 107 1-b2-b3-3-#4-5-6-b7 13(b9) 50 1-b2-3-4-5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 107 1-b2-b3-3-#4-5-6-b7 7(#9) 51 1-#2-3-4-5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 96 1-b3-4-#4--5-b7 13(#9) 52 1-#2-3-4-5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 96 1-b3-4-#4--5-b7 7(#9b9) 53 1-b2-b3-4-5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 107 1-b2-b3-3-#4-5-6-b7 7(b9b5) 54 1-b2-3-4-b5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 107 1-b2-b3-3-#4-5-6-b7 7+ 55 1-2-3-4-#5-6-b7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 9+ 56 1-2-3-4-#5-6-b7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 7+(#9) 57 1-#2-3-4-#5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 105 1-2-3-#4-#5-#6 7+(b9) 58 1-b2-3-4-#5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 13(#11b9) 59 1-b2-3-#4-5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 alt 60 1-b2-3-4-b5-6-b7 77 1-b2-b3-b4-b5-b6-b7 7sus(b9) 61 1-b2-3-4-5-6-b7 70 1-b2-b3-4-5-6-b7 65 1-b2-b3-4-5-b6-b7 phryg 62 1-b2-b3-4-5-b6-b7 70 1-b2-b3-4-5-6-b7 71 1-b2-3-4-5-b6-b7
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Advanced Scales Scale Name Typical Usage Page Scale Degrees
Traditional Modes
IONIAN major triad 63 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 DORIAN mi7 64 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - b7
PHRYGIAN mi7(b9) 65 1 - b2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7 LYDIAN ma7 66 1 - 2 - 3 - #4 - 5 - 6 - 7 MIXOLYDIAN 7 (dom.7th) 67 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - b7 AEOLIAN mi7 68 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7
LOCRIAN mi7(b5) 69 1 - b2 - b3 - 4 - b5 - b6 - b7
Special Modes
PHRYGIAN #6 7sus(b9) 70 1 - b2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - b7 SPANISH PHRYGIAN 7(b9) 71 1 - b2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7 LYDIAN DIMINISHED o7 (dim.7th) 72 1 - 2 - b3 - #4 - 5 - 6 - 7
LYDIAN AUGMENTED ma7+ 73 1 - 2 - 3 - #4 - #5 - 6 - 7 LYDIAN DOMINANT 7(b5) 74 1 - 2 - 3 - #4 - 5 - 6 - b7 MIXOLYDIAN b6 7+ 75 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7 LOCRIAN #2 mi7(b5) 76 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - b5 - b6 - b7
SUPER LOCRIAN 7(b9b5) 77 1 - b2 - b3 - b4 - b5 - b6 - b7 AUGMENTED ma7+ 78 1 - #2 - 3 - 5 - #5 - 7 HINDU ma7+ 79 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - 7
Key Based Scales
MAJOR major triad 80 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7
HARMONIC MINOR mi(ma7) 81 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - 7 ASCENDING MELODIC MINOR mi6 82 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 DESCENDING MELODIC MINOR mi7 83 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7
NATURAL MINOR mi7 84 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7 5TH MODE MINOR dom.V7 in minor 85 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7
5-Note Scales
MAJOR PENTATONIC 6/9 86 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6
MINOR PENTATONIC mi7 87 1 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b7 MINOR PENTATONIC ON THE 2ND sus2 88 2 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 1 MINOR PENTATONIC ON THE 7TH ma13(#11) 89 7 - 2 - 3 - #4 - 6 SUSPENDED PENTATONIC ii7/V (Gmi7/C) 90 1 – 2 – 4 – 5 – b7
JAPANESE IN SEN mi7(b9) 91 1 - b2 - 4 - 5 - b7 IN SEN ON THE 7TH II/I (D/C) 92 7 - 1 - 3 - #4 - 6 IN SEN - 2ND MODE ma9(#11) 93 1 - 3 - #4 - 6 - 7 IN SEN - 4TH MODE mi7(b5) 94 1 - b3 - 4 - b5 - b7
IN SEN - 5TH MODE mi6 95 1 - 2 - b3 - 5 - 6
Synthetic or Derived Scales
STANDARD BLUES 7(#9) or 9 96 1 - b3 - 4 - #4 - 5 - b7 MAJOR BLUES 7(#9) or 9 97 1 - 2 - #2 - 3 - 5 - 6 MINOR BLUES 7(#9) or 9 98 1 - b3 - 4 - #4 - 5 - b7
HARMONIC MAJOR ma7+ 99 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - 7 MAJOR BEBOP ma7 100 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - #5 - 6 - 7 MINOR BEBOP mi7 101 1 - 2 - b3 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - b7 DOMINANT BEBOP 7 102 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - b7 - 7
ALTERED 7(b9b5) 103 1 - b2 - b3 - b4 - b5 - b6 - b7 DIMINISHED WHOLE TONE 7+(#9b9) 104 1 - b2 - b3 - b4 - b5 - b6 - b7
Symmetrical Scales
WHOLE TONE 7+ 105 1 - 2 - 3 - #4 - #5 - #6
WHOLE-HALF DIMINISHED o (dim.triad) 106 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - #4 - #5 - 6 - 7 HALF-WHOLE DIMINISHED 7(#9) or 7(b9) 107 1 - b2 - b3 - 3 - #4 - 5 - 6 - b7
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Common Tone Chord Substitutions
Common Tone * Page C 108
C# 109
Db 110
D 111
Eb 112
E 113
F 114
F# 115
Gb 116
G 117
Ab 118
A 119
Bb 120
B 121
Cb 122
* Each page displays 54 different chords that contain the common tone listed.
APPENDIX - A
Frequently Asked Questions about how to use the Changes HANDBOOK 124
ORDER FORM for the Printed Version (three ring binder punched) 125
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