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2. Spanish Conquest and Cultural mestizaje
1519Hernan Cortes, 6 African slaves, and hundreds of Spanish soldiers
Land in Mexico
What did they want?
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Cortes and Malintzin/Dona Marina
made indigenous Mexicans a deal: diplomacy or dogs?
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Meeting between (right) Cortés, (middle) Doña Marina, and (left) leading Tlaxcalans
Tens of thousands Tlaxcalan allies march with Spanish against mutual enemy - Aztecs
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With Tlaxcalan allies, Spanish head to Tenochtitlan
arrive in Aztec controlled Cholula
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September 1519, Cholula massacre, 10,000 killed.
What strikes you about these images of the Cholula massacre?
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Aug 13, 1521: Spanish and Tlaxcalans conquer city, how?
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Smallpox, typhus, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, mumps, yellow fever, whooping cough.
80% of 60 Million NativeAmericansdied aftercontact with Europeans
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Conquistadores awarded Indian towns and people
Spaniards dependent on Indian labor and taxes
But what’s happening to Mexicans?
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The Columbian Exchange
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Aztec poem, Broken Spears, 1523
Broken spears lie in the roads;We have torn our hair in our griefThe houses are roofless now, and their wallsAre red with blood.
Worms are swarming in the streets and plazas,And the walks are spattered with gore
The water has turned red, as if it were dyedAnd when we drink it,It has the taste of brine
We have pounded our hands in despairAgainst the adobe walls,For our inheritance, our city, is lost and deadThe shields of our warriors were its defense.But they could not save it.
We have chewed dry twigs and salt grasses:We have filled our mouths with dust and bits of adobe.We have eaten lizards, rats and wormsWhen we had meat, we ate it almost raw.
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Dias de los Muertos (Days of the Dead)
Above, Oaxaca, Mexico
Left, Los Angeles alter
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Native Mexicans dying turned to enslaved Africans
1500s Enslaved Africans outnumbered Spaniards in Mexico City
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Spanish govern
Spanish prey
“Indians” work
Spain’s Colonial Ideal
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Reality…
Cultural mestizaje
Indigenous Mexicans 1492: 30 Million 1600: 4 Million
Spaniards1500s:240,0001600s:450,000
Mestizo populationfastest growing
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What strikes you about the
Spanish conquest?
And
Bernal Díaz, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain?
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Aztec Templo Mayor ruins, Cathedral in background
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Destruction and creativity of ConquestSpanish capital, Mexico City built atop and with ruins of Tenochtitlan
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Spanish Conquest and Cultural mestizaje:
Virgin of Guadalupe
Right, Apparition tunic, 1530s
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1500s
Spanish
arrived with
Sword and Cross
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1532 Virgin Mary appeared to newly converted native,
Juan Diego
at Guadalupe.
Right, 1911 Guadalupe Posada woodcut to celebrating anniversary of her apparition.
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Virgin of Guadalupeappeared in same
location
as Aztec goddess, Tonantzin
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Church to Virgin of Guadalupe atop Temple of Tonantzin
Christian architecture, ceremony literally overlaid indigenous.
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Soon, #1 pilgrimage site for Native Mexicans
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Aztec pyramid with Church on top in Cholula
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Mt. Popocatépetl with church atop Aztec pyramid
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Basilica of Virgin of Guadalupe
#1 Pilgrimage site in Americas
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Mexican Founding Father
Miguel Hidalgo
and Virgin of Guadalupe, 1810s
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Pope John Paul II canonizes Juan Diego
Dec. 12, 2002
First indigenous Catholic saint
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3. Mexican Revolution 1910-20 and “Racial Homage”
David Siqueiros, The Revolutionaries, 1950s
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Yucatan’s Elite
Late 1800s
Certain Mexicans enjoyed great prosperity
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…but at great cost
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Before Revolution: National identityEuropean focused
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Before Revolution
Governmentcommemorated dead Indians
Right, President Porfirio Diaz and the Aztec Calendar Stone
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Revolutionaries Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
in President’s chair, 1914
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Out of 14 million, 1 million died, 1 million emigrated
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Post-revolution: rebuilt and redefined nation
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Government Embraced indigenous heritage“Racial Homage” celebration, 1932
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Many Mexico’s celebrated... Luis Covarrubias, 1940s
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…promoted tourism.
Left, “Visit Mexico,” Tourist Office, 1943
Above, Dressing Indian and selling
crafts
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Left, Frida Kahlo, 1943
Below, Film: “La Zandunga,” 1937
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1943 Tehuanas at festival celebrating indigenous population
Also made political demands!
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Indigenous festival, “Guelaguetza,” 2000