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CHS AP Psychology
Unit 1: Science of Psychology
Essential Task 1: Describe, compare, and contrast how different approaches to psychology explain behavior:
- psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, Gestalt, humanism and behaviorism
- cognitive, biological, evolutionary, and social as more contemporary approaches
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What are approaches to psych?
BiologicalEvolutionaryBehaviorismCognitivePsychodynamicHumanism GestaltSocial
Approaches are lenses through which to explain human behavior
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Biological Psychology
• This approach to explaining human behavior and mental processes focuses on biological mechanisms and structures. It looks to such things as the brain, neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs (both legal and illegal), and genetics.
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A Biological Approach looks for Biological Answers?
Approaches are lenses through which to explain human behavior
BiologicalBiological BiologicalBiological crazy
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Here is a view of how massive cell loss changes the whole brain in advanced Alzheimer's disease.
Biological Psychology is Observable
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Evolutionary Psychology• Explains human behavior by looking at
what made us most likely to survive/reproduce– Language – How did communication make
us more likely to survive?– Altruism – Why are we nice to each other
if this is just about survival of the fittest?– Sexual attraction – Is there a reason
certain aspects of a person are considered ‘attractive’ Why not sexy elbows?
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Why do we find blue eyes attractive?
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If only . . . .
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Behaviorism• This approach only studies observable
human BEHAVIOR. It focuses on how we:– LEARN (or are conditioned)– React to our environment
• Since you can not observe the mind, behaviorists see it as a BLACK BOX. Can’t see it? Don’t study it.
• Big names– Pavlov – Dogs – Watson – Little Albert– Skinner – Operant Conditioning
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This is odd behavior, right?
Would you do it?
Reward
Avoid Punishment?
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Social Psychology
• Study of how people influence one another• Topics include:
– First impressions– Interpersonal attraction– Attitude formation– Prejudice– Behavior in a group– Obedience to Authority
• Some Applications include:– Support groups– Family Therapy– Sensitivity Training
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Conformity
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Psychodynamic Psychology• Personality theory that says behavior
springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
• The Unconscious is a dynamic cauldron of primitive drives, forbidden desires and nameless fears. It drags us down.
• Psychoanalysis – patient lies on a couch and recounts dreams and conducts free association.
• Sigmund Freud
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Humanistic Psychology
• School of psychology that emphasizes the means of realizing one’s full human potential
• Importance of love, belonging, human potential, and self-esteem.
• Abraham Maslow• Not mainstream, more a cultural and
spiritual movement.
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More concerned about moving up
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Cognitive Psychology
• School of psychology that studies mental processes– Thinking, feeling, remembering, making
decisions/judgments and language• Studies how we encode, process, store, and
retrieve information.• Studies behavior and makes inferences about the
mental processes behind the behavior• Thanks to new technologies like CAT scans, MRIs
and fMRIs, we can open the black box.
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Gestalt Psychology
• Gestalt is a German word that means “the whole”
• This approach to psychology looks at how your perceptions of the word come together to form you whole perception.
• This perception is often greater than the sum of its parts.
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Gestalt Psychology
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Comparing and Contrasting
• Comparing two approaches– For example, both the biological and behavioral
approaches deal with things that are directly observable making them the most scientific of the approaches
• Contrasting two approaches– While psychoanalysis focuses on how the
unconscious causes problems for the individual, humanism focuses on how individuals can achieve their full potential.
Outline