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CIB Webinar: Implementation of Energy CIB Webinar: Implementation of Energy
Efficient Buildings Policies in 5 ContinentsEfficient Buildings Policies in 5 Continents
North AmericaNorth America
Beyond the Code: Energy, Carbon, and Cost
Joshua Kneifel, PhDJoshua Kneifel, PhD
Engineering LaboratoryEngineering Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
U.S. Department of CommerceU.S. Department of Commerce
Beyond the Code: Energy, Carbon, and Cost
Savings using Conventional Technologies
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U.S. Goals Impacting BuildingsU.S. Goals Impacting Buildings
��New Energy for AmericaNew Energy for America��Dramatically improve building energy efficiencyDramatically improve building energy efficiency��Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050
��Federal R&D AgendaFederal R&D Agenda��Integrated, PerformanceIntegrated, Performance--Based Design and OperationBased Design and Operation��Integrated, PerformanceIntegrated, Performance--Based Design and OperationBased Design and Operation��NetNet--Zero Energy Building Technologies and StrategiesZero Energy Building Technologies and Strategies
��How do you reach these goals for buildings?How do you reach these goals for buildings?
��What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?
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Policy Options and MetricsPolicy Options and Metrics
��How to drastically increase building energy efficiency and How to drastically increase building energy efficiency and
reduce carbon emissions?reduce carbon emissions?
��Regulation Regulation –– Building codesBuilding codes
��“Stick”“Stick”
��Incentives Incentives –– Tax creditsTax credits
��“Carrot”“Carrot”��“Carrot”“Carrot”
��Markets Markets –– Building performance labelsBuilding performance labels
��Voluntary/Educational programsVoluntary/Educational programs
��What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?What metrics do you use to measure accomplishments?
��Energy Savings?Energy Savings?
��Emissions Reductions?Emissions Reductions?
��Costs?Costs?
��Baselines?Baselines?
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Current Research:Current Research:
Targeting Building CodesTargeting Building Codes
��Focus on Commercial Building CodesFocus on Commercial Building Codes��Adoption of New CodesAdoption of New Codes
��ComplexComplex��ComplexComplex��No National Building CodeNo National Building Code��State CodesState Codes
��Vary from No Code to Newest CodeVary from No Code to Newest Code��ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2007 or 2009 IECC2007 or 2009 IECC
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Commercial Building CodesCommercial Building Codes
As of September 14, 2010
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Questions to AnswerQuestions to Answer
��Why do states adopt new building energy codes?Why do states adopt new building energy codes?��Energy savings?Energy savings?��Economic reasoning?Economic reasoning?��Environmental concerns?Environmental concerns?
��Are these energy code adoptions worth it?Are these energy code adoptions worth it?��Energy savings?Energy savings?��Energy savings?Energy savings?��Economically viable?Economically viable?
��Over what time frame?Over what time frame?
��Vary by building type?Vary by building type?
��Environmentally beneficial?Environmentally beneficial?
��Does location matter?Does location matter?��Climate/RegionClimate/Region��Energy Source and CostsEnergy Source and Costs��Construction CostsConstruction Costs
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Metrics & ToolsMetrics & Toolsto answer these questionsto answer these questions
ToolsTools
Building for Environmental &
Economic Sustainability
(BEES)
MetricsMetrics
LifeLife--Cycle CostingCycle Costing
(BEES)
Product/component scale
BEES for Buildings
System/building scale
GIS Mapping
Energy SavingsEnergy Savings
LifeLife--Cycle AssessmentCycle Assessment
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BEES for BuildingsBEES for Buildings
��Business Business Case for SustainabilityCase for Sustainability�� Whole Building Whole Building Integrated Integrated DesignDesign
��Compare Energy Efficiency AlternativesCompare Energy Efficiency Alternatives(1) Life(1) Life--cycle costingcycle costing(1) Life(1) Life--cycle costingcycle costing
�� First and Future CostsFirst and Future Costs
(2) Energy savings(2) Energy savings
(3) Life(3) Life--cycle assessmentcycle assessment
�� Carbon Carbon footprintfootprint
��GIS MappingGIS Mapping
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Building PrototypesBuilding Prototypes
�� 12 Commercial Building Types12 Commercial Building Types�� Varying sizes and functionVarying sizes and function
�� Represents 29% of U.S. commercial building stockRepresents 29% of U.S. commercial building stock
�� 3 Energy Efficiency Alternatives 3 Energy Efficiency Alternatives �� ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2004 2004 -- baselinebaseline
�� ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2007 2007 or “Low Energy Case”or “Low Energy Case”
�� Varying exterior envelope, lighting, and HVAC sizeVarying exterior envelope, lighting, and HVAC size
�� 228 Locations228 Locations
�� 1, 1, 1010, 25, and 40, 25, and 40--year study periodsyear study periods
�� 8,208 simulations8,208 simulations
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Energy savings (%) Energy savings (%) ––
12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)
90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004
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Energy savings (%) Energy savings (%) ––
12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)
90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004
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Energy savings Energy savings map (%) map (%) ––
LEC for 3LEC for 3--Story Story Office Office BuildingBuilding
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Carbon Reduction (%) Carbon Reduction (%) ––
12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)
90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004
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Carbon reduction Carbon reduction map (%) map (%) ––
LEC for 3LEC for 3--Story Story Office BuildingOffice Building
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LifeLife--cycle cost cycle cost savings savings (%) (%) ––
12 Building Types (10 Yr)12 Building Types (10 Yr)
90.1-2007 v 90.1-2004 Low Energy Case v. 90.1-2004
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Cost savings Cost savings map (%) map (%) ––
LEC for 3LEC for 3--Story Story Office BuildingOffice Building
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State Code AdoptionState Code Adoption
�� Compare adoption of Compare adoption of ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--2007 2007 from from ASHRAE 90.1ASHRAE 90.1--20042004
�� Over all building types…Over all building types…
�� Based on lifeBased on life--cycle cost savings?cycle cost savings?
�� Top 20 Top 20 –– 30% adopted 90.130% adopted 90.1--20072007
Bottom 20 Bottom 20 –– 46%46%�� Bottom 20 Bottom 20 –– 46%46%
�� Based on Energy Savings?Based on Energy Savings?
�� Top 20 Top 20 –– 34% adopted 90.134% adopted 90.1--20072007
�� Bottom 20 Bottom 20 –– 36%36%
�� Based on Emissions Reductions?Based on Emissions Reductions?
�� No correlationNo correlation
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SummarySummary
�� Energy efficient building designs are usually Energy efficient building designs are usually costcost--effectiveeffective over a over a 10+ year study period10+ year study period
�� Large Large variationvariation in benefits and costs across locationsin benefits and costs across locations
�� Climate, Code requirements, Energy costs, Construction costsClimate, Code requirements, Energy costs, Construction costs
States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, �� States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, States are NOT adopting new building codes for economic, environmental, or energyenvironmental, or energy--related reasons.related reasons.
�� Gov. policiesGov. policies are necessary to improve nationwide energy efficiencyare necessary to improve nationwide energy efficiency
�� Improve Education/InformationImprove Education/Information
�� Create IncentivesCreate Incentives
�� Increase RequirementsIncrease Requirements
�� EasyEasy--toto--understand understand metrics and toolsmetrics and tools are needed to inform and are needed to inform and educate the public and policymakerseducate the public and policymakers
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For More Information...For More Information...
www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.htmlwww.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.html
[email protected]@nist.gov