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Classification/Taxonomy
Unit III
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Why Classify?To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms &
group them in a logical manner.
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TaxonomyDefined:
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each
organism a universally accepted name.
In other words, naming things based on their characteristics.
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Why common names don’t workCommon names vary among languages.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture
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Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)
Created the system of naming we use today.
In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.
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Binomial Nomenclature“Bi” means 2
“nomial” means naming
Nomenclature means “the system of”
Defined:
In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name.
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Example of Binomial NomenclaturePolar Bear is Ursus maritimus Ursus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears
maritimus: species
The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
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Definitions to know
Genus: is a group of closely related species
Species: Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
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Family: Group of genera that share many characteristics
Order: Group of similar families
Class: Group of similar orders
Phylum: Group of closely related classes
Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.
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Here We Go…Polar Bear
Species: maritimusGenus: Ursus
Family: UrsidaeOrder: CarnivoraClass: MammaliaPhylum: ChordataKingdom: Animilia
What do these mean?...lets see
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What they mean
Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)
Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)
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How to remember:
King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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Rules of the GameUniqueness: Every name has to be unique.
Universality: Zoologists have adopted, by international agreement, a single language to be used on a worldwide basis. All animals are given a generic (common name) and specific name in Latin (scientific name).
These names are in italics or are underlined separately (i.e. Homo sapiens).
(Homo sapiens)
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Visuals
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Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus Ursus
Speciesmaritimus
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Taxonomy Video
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If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common ancestor.
Genus species
Felis
domestica
leo
margarita Sand cat`
Lion
Domestic Cat
Felis domestica
Felis leo
Felis margarita
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A Problem with Traditional Classification
Traditional classification systems relied on body structure comparisons only
Due to convergent evolution, organisms that are quite different from each other evolve similar body structures.
Convergent Evolution: Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.
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A Problem with Traditional ClassificationExample: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
• The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alike
• The crab has a very different body form
• Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different group.
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Related
This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related
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Crustaceans
Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually
related
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
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Evolutionary Classification
Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities
Evolution Classification: Is the strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history.
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Classification Using Cladograms
Cladogram: A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
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Crustaceans
Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics
because they both molt & are segmented
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
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Crustaceans
You can also see that ALL have a free
swimming larva stage
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
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Classification History
1700s Plantae Animalia
1800s Protista Plantae Animalia
1950s Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
1990s Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
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The 6 kingdom paradigm Recently, as evidence about microorganisms
continue to accumulate, biologists came to realize that the Kingdom Monera were composed of 2 distinct groups.
The 6-Kingdom system of classification includes kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
For our purposes, we will use the 5-Kingdom paradigm and group both types of bacteria together in the Kingdom Monera.
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6 KingdomsEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
E. ecoli Paramecium Fern frodH. coccinea Homo sapiensPyrococcus furiosus
ProkaryoteProkaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
Autotroph or
heterotrophAutotroph orheterotroph
Autotroph/heterotroph
Heterotroph HeterotrophAutotroph
Most common bacteria
Live in very hot places
Includes Algae
Don’t belong in other euk
Cell walls &
Chloroplasts
Release enzymes to digest
food
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Multicellular
“Ancient Bacteria”
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Where do viruses go?Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein,
and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells.
Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
These are T4 Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a virus which infects
bacteria
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Where do viruses go? (continued)Viruses are not considered alive because they
don’t have ALL the characteristics of life.
Example: They can’t reproduce independently
These are the Influenza Viruses
Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory
tract that can affect millions of people every year.
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The End.