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Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants
Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Section 2: Flowers
Section 3: Flowering Plants
Vegetative Reproduction
The plants that result from vegetative reproduction are clones of the original plant because their genetic makeups are identical to the original plant.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Strawberry plant
Advantages of Vegetative Reproduction
Reproduction in Plants
It is faster to grow new plants than from a spore or a seed.
The resultant plants are more uniform in their characteristics.
The only way to produce some fruits that do not produce seeds
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Reproduction in Plants
When conditions are dry, some mosses dry out, break apart, and are scattered by the wind.
When conditions improve, some of these pieces are able to resume growth in a new location.
Moss
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Humans Use Vegetative Reproduction
Reproduction in Plants
Farmers, horticulturists, and scientists can use buds, leaves, stems, or root pieces from certain plants to grow new plants.
A few cells of plant tissue can be placed on nutrient agar in sterile conditions to produce hundreds of identical plants.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Alternation of Generations
Reproduction in Plants
The life cycle of most plants includes a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage and a haploid (n) gametophyte stage.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
The gametophyte stage produces gametes—egg and sperm.
Reproduction in Plants
In nonvascular plants, the sperm must have a small amount of water to get to the egg.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
In vascular plants, the sperm may be carried by the wind, or another vector such as an insect.
Reproduction in Plants
Fertilization of the egg by the sperm forms a cell that is the first cell of the sporophyte stage.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle
Reproduction in Plants
The life cycle of the mosses begins with the dominant stage, the gametophyte.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
There are both male and female forms of the gametophyte.
Reproduction in Plants
Eggs are produced in the female structure, called the archegonium.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Sperm are producedin the male structure, called the antheridium.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
The chemical that allows sperm to find the egg is chemotaxis.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Sperm require water to swim to the egg.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
The mature sporophyte consists of a stalk that grows in the gametophyte stage.
Chapter 23
At the tip of the stalk is a capsule where up to 50 million spores may form by meiosis.
Reproduction in Plants
The spores produce a protonema that can develop into the gametophyte plant and start a new cycle.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Fern Reproduction and Life Cycle
Reproduction in Plants
Another life cycle that has alternation of generations and produces spores is that of the fern.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Spores are produced from the sori, on the underside of a frond.
Reproduction in Plants
If a fern spore lands on damp, rich soil, it can grow and form a tiny, heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
The young sporophyte develops into a frond to start the cycle over again.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Fertilization produces a sporophyte that grows from the prothallus.
Chapter 23
Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Conifers are heterosporus—they produce twotypes of spores that develop into male and female groups.
Chapter 23
Female Cones
Reproduction in Plants
At the base of each scale on a female cone are two ovules.
Each ovule has a megasporangium that produces megaspores.
One of the megaspores develops into the female gametophyte.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Male Cones
Reproduction in Plants
Each scale on the male cone contains hundreds of sporangia.
The sporangia produce microspores, which produce the male gametophyte, or pollen grain.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Pollination
Reproduction in Plants
Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from one species of a plant lands on the female reproductive structure of a plant of the same species.
The pollen grain is trapped in a sticky substance called the pollen drop which is located near the micropyle.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Seed Development
Reproduction in Plants
Seed development within the cone may take as long as three years.
The seed embryo will use the cotyledons for photosynthesis upon sprouting.
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Chapter 23
Conifer’s Life Cycle
Flower Organs
Flowers are the reproductive structures of anthophytes.
23.2 Flowers
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
There are basically four structures—sepals, petals, stamen, and pistils.
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Flowers have several organs that provide protection or support, or are involved in the reproductive process.
Petals attract animal pollinators and provide a landing pad.
Reproduction in Plants
Sepals and petals open and close to protect the reproductive parts of the flower.
23.2 Flowers
Sepals may be green and look like leaves and petals.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
The filament stalk supports the anther, which contains the pollen grains.
23.2 Flowers
Most flowers have several stamen—the male reproductive organ—surrounding the central part of the flower.
Chapter 23
Flower Adaptations
Reproduction in Plants
Structural differences
Flowers that have sepals, petals, stamens, and one or more pistils are called complete flowers.
If a flower is missing one or more of these organs, it is an incomplete flower.
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Flowers that have both stamens and pistils are called perfect flowers.
An imperfect flower has either functional stamens or pistils.
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Monocots generally have multiples of three.
When the petal number is a multiple of four or five, the plant is either a dicot or a eudicot.
The number of other organs often is the same multiple of three, four, or five.
The number of flower organs distinguishes dicots and eudicots from monocots.
Chapter 23
Pollination Mechanisms
Reproduction in Plants
Flower adaptations that relate to pollination include flower size, shape, color, and petal arrangements.
Animal pollination
Wind pollination
Self pollination
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Photoperiodism
Reproduction in Plants
The flowering response to the number of hours of uninterrupted darkness is known as photoperiodism.
Flowering plants are divided into four different groups based on the critical period.
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Short-day Photoperiodism
Reproduction in Plants
A short-day plant flowers when exposed daily to a number of hours of darkness that is greater than its critical period.
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Long-day Photoperiodism
Reproduction in Plants
A long-day plant flowers when the number of hours of darkness is less than its critical period.
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Intermediate-day Photoperiodism
Reproduction in Plants
An intermediate-day plant flowers as long as the number of hours of darkness is neither too great or too few.
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Day-neutral Photoperiodism
Reproduction in Plants
A day-neutral plant flowers over a range in the number of hours of darkness.
23.2 Flowers
Chapter 23
Life Cycle
The life cycle of a flowering plant includes gametophyte and sporophyte generations.
23.3 Flowering Plants
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Results of Reproduction
Fertilization is only the beginning of a long process that ends with the formation of a seed.
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Flowering Plants
Chapter 23
Seed and Fruit Development
The sporophyte begins as a zygote, or a 2n cell.
Reproduction in Plants
The zygote undergoes numerous cell divisions to form an embryo.
Nourishment for the embryo comes from a tissue called the endosperm.
23.3 Flowering Plants
Chapter 23
Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants
Reproduction in Plants
As the ovule develops into a seed, changes occur in the ovary that lead to the formation of fruit.
23.3 Flowering Plants
As the endospore matures, the outside layers of the ovule harden and form a protective tissue called the seed coat.
Chapter 23
Seed Germination
Reproduction in Plants
When the embryo in a seed starts to grow, the process is called germination.
The first part of the embryo to appear outside the seed is the radicle.
23.3 Flowering Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
The cotyledons will provide nourishment for the seedling until photosynthesis begins.
23.3 Flowering Plants
The hypocotyl is the first part of the seed to appear above ground.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Chapter 23
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 1
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What term is used to describe the process in which new plants grow from parts of an existing plant?
A. budding
B. regeneration
C. vegetative reproduction
D. sexual reproduction
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 2
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is the threadlike structure of a spore which develops into a gametophyte?
A. chemotaxis
B. prothallus
C. protonema
D. microspore
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 3
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What structure of the plant embryo first appears outside the seed?
A. cotyledon
B. first leaf
C. hypocotyls
D. radicle
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 1
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Which scientist uses plant cells to grow new plant tissues on nutrient agar?
A. botanical technologist
B. horticulture specialist
C. plant physiologist
D. tissue-culture technician
23.1 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 2
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.1 Formative Questions
What is the term for the movement of cells in response to a chemical?
A. chemitropism
B. chemotaxis
C. chemiosmosis
D. hydrochemisis
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 3
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.1 Formative Questions
What is the tiny heart-shaped gametophyte produced from a fern spore called?
A. frond
B. sorus
C. prothallus
D. protonema
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 4
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.1 Formative Questions
What is the term for a plant that produces two types of spores that develop into male or female gametophytes?
A. bisporous
B. diasporous
C. gametosporous
D. heterosporous
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 5
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.1 Formative Questions
In conifers, how are pollen grains produced by a male cone transported to a female cone?
A. animals
B. fire
C. water
D. wind
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 6
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.2 Formative Questions
What type of flowers are either male reproductive organs or female reproductive organs, not both?
A. complete flowers
B. incomplete flowers
C. perfect flowers
D. imperfect flowers
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 7
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.2 Formative Questions
What is a characteristic of plants that are pollinated by animals?
A. brightly-colored petals
B. large pistils
C. long stamens
D. many sepals
1. A
2. B
FQ 8
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.2 Formative Questions
Which type of plant flowers when the number of hours of darkness is less than its critical period?
A. short-day plant
B. long-day plant
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 9
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.2 Formative Questions
Which type of plants generally has flower organs in multiples of three?
A. monocots
B. dicots
C. tricots
D. eudicots
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 10
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
What is the dominant generation in flowering plants?
A. anthophyte
B. gametophyte
C. saprophyte
D. sporophyte
23.3 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 11
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.3 Formative Questions
From what plant organ does a fruit develop?
A. anther
B. ovary
C. stigma
D. style
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 12
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.3 Formative Questions
How does the dispersal of seeds increase the survival rate of offspring?
A. It increases genetic diversity.
B. It limits the spread of disease.
C. It reduces competition.D. It results in
new adaptations.
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 13
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.3 Formative Questions
What begins the process of seed germination?
A. absorption of water
B. appearance of
the radicle
C. breakdown of
the endosperm
D. growth of cotyledons
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 14
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
23.3 Formative Questions
What is an adaptation that increases the survival rate of seeds exposed to harsh conditions?
A. dormancy
B. photoperiodism
C. alternation of generations
D. internal germination
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 1
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Which flower organ is indicated?
A. pistil
B. spore
C. stamen
D. sepal
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 2
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Chapter Assessment Questions
Photoperiodism is associated with what plant necessity?
A. hours of daylight
B. hours of darkness
C. ability to perform
photosynthesis
D. ability to reproduce
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CAQ 3
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Chapter Assessment Questions
What is the food source for the embryo in a eudicot seed?
A. seed coat
B. endosperm
C. cotyledon
D. radicle
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 1
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
What occurs when a new plant grows at the end of a parent plant’s runner or stolon?
A. artificial duplication
B. botanic replication
C. organic cloning
D. vegetative reproduction
Standardized Test Practice
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 2
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Standardized Test Practice
What are the first cells of the gametophyte stage?
A. gametes
B. spores
C. zygotes
D. gametophyte cells
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 3
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Standardized Test Practice
How are flowering plants heterosporous?
A. Antheridia produce sperm; archegonia produce eggs.
B. Females produce pollen grains; males develop ovules.
C. Pistils produce megaspores; stamens produce microspores.
D. Gametophytes produce female spores; sporophytes produce male spores.
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 4
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Standardized Test Practice
What is this multinucleated cell called?
A. ovule
B. pollen grain
C. female gametophyte
D. male megaspore
1. A2. B3. C4. D
STP 5
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Standardized Test Practice
A pollen grain from one species of plant lands on the stigma of a plant that is a different species. How is fertilization prevented?
A. The pollen grain cannot undergo mitosis.
B. The sperm nucleus cannot fuse with the egg.
C. The pollen grain cannot produce a pollen tube.
D. The pollen tube cannot produce sperm nuclei.
1. A
2. B
STP 6
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Standardized Test Practice
Which fertilization results in the endosperm?
A
B
1. A
2. B
STP 7
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Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Standardized Test Practice
Which seed is a monocot?
A.
B.
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
vegetative
reproduction
chemotaxis
protonema
prothallus
heterosporus
megaspore
microspore
micropyle
Vocabulary
Section 1
sepal
petal
stamen
pistil
photoperiodism
short-day plant
long-day plant
intermediate-day
plant
day-neutral plant
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Vocabulary
Section 2
polar nuclei
endosperm
seed coat
germination
radicle
hypocotyl
dormancy
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Vocabulary
Section 3
Reproduction in PlantsChapter 23
Alternation of Generations
Moss’s Life Cycle
Conifer’s Life Cycle
Organs of a Flower
Visualizing Pollination
Double Fertilization in Plants
Germination of a Bean Seed
Animation