Download - CM-Vision. Cement Integrity Log
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CM-Vision
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Quality in Cementing
PreventCement Sheath Failure
Customers Wants:
Zone isolation
Good CBL ---->High Compressive Strength? 5 to 200 PSI to support casing
500 PSI to continue Drilling
1000 PSI to Perforate
At least 2000 PSI to Stimulate & Isolate zones Enough strength to side track
How much do we really need?
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Cement EvaluationNomograph - M volts / CEMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
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A word about CBLs1987 : RELATIONSHIP CBL/CEMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
NOT so GOOD
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (PSI x 1000)
CBLATTENUATIONRATE (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 800
25
50
75
100125
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CBL ATTENUATION RATE RELATED TO
CEMENT ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (Z)
CBL ATTENUATION RATE %)
ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (106 Kg m-2 s-1 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 900
25
50
75
100
125
Why Compressive Strength Instead of Acoustic Impedance?
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ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF CEMENTWe Lack Magnitude Sensitivity!!!
ULTRA STRONG CEMENTS
WEIGHTED CEMENTS
15.8 PPG CEMENTS
LOW POROSITY- LIGHTWEIGHT
HIGH POROSITY- LIGHTWEIGHTSLURRIES
LOW TEMPERATUREHIGH POROSITYHIGH TEMPERATURELOW POROSITY
SLOW EVOLUTION
FAST EVOLUTION
Z(Mrayl)
Months7day1 day
WATER
GAS
0.1
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
1.5
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Compressive StrengthCement Evolution
Typically cement Exhibits an shape
Curve.
1st slope, cement hydration up to maximumtemperature and setting
C3A and C4AF
2nd slope, Early Hardening (5 to 10 hours)
CaOH and C3S
3rd slope, Stabilization period
C2S
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Compressive Strength
S shape
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Compressive Strength of Cement
????????????
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Youngs Modulus
Vs
Compressive Strength of Cement
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Dynamic (digital) Vs Static (mechanic)
they are never the same
S t a t ic - D y n a m ic Y o u n g ' s M o d u lu s C o r r e la t io n
y = 0 . 9 2 8 2 x - 0 . 7 1 5 4
y = 1 . 1 4 0 8 x - 1 . 3 6 3 4
0 . 0 0
0 . 5 0
1 . 0 0
1 . 5 0
2 . 0 0
2 . 5 0
3 . 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .5 0 1 .0 0 1 .5 0 2 .0 0 2 .5 0 3 .0 0 3 .5 0
D y n a m ic Y o u n g ' s M o d u l u s (M P s i)
Static
Young'sM
od
U n c o n f in e d
C o n f i n e d
U n c o n f in e d
C o n f i n e d
O p t io n L in e r 3
L in e r O p t io n 2
L in e r O p t io n 1
T a il T i e -b a c k
O p t io n 2
L i n e r O p t io n 4
UCAs data is the worstcase - because , even
though is measured
electronically, it is derived
from Static data (versatester) converted by means
of a best fit algorithm into
PSI
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Ultimate Strength of Cement13 PPG slurry
Just Checking!!
15,000 PSI
3,000 PSI
0 PSI
3,000 PSI
Applied Pressure
Ulti t St th f C t
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Ultimate Strength of Cement
13 PPG SlurryJust Checking!!
250 F
3,000 PSI
0 PSI 80F
Applied Temperature
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Ultimate ConfinedCompressive Strength of Cement
Source - World Oils 1977
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Conclusion
Compressive Strength as used today is just a reference
.a.
Meaningless Reference
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Compressive Strength
Requirement
What do we really need?
A cement that have lower K than any
of the producing zones.
A cement that will withstand the
cyclic stresses during the wells life.
What stress is most Important?
Compressive, Tensile or Flexural.
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Cement Sheath Failure
Cement once it has set it does
not magically disappears from
the annulus
Generally low strength cements
are more ductile and can take
stress cycling, one suggestiondelete the tail slurry
Goodwin and R.J. Crook, SPE 220453
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Build a Simulator for
Compressive Strength
Vs
Early Time
To help Design Light WeightSlurries
specially at High Temperatures
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Simulator Modeling
KOT=90 to 120 minutes + F(water) +F(cement)+F(additives)
Cs= K(x)*e(-t*T
(x)*(F(water) +F(cement)+F(additives))
K(x)
Where every (x)function is divided
in physical and
chemical properties
Note:Where KOT (Kick Off Time) is the the point where Strength start to develop. It is shorter than CS 50 time and normally shorter than T Time
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Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual
70
170
270
370
470
73 117 138 166 181 188 201 213 240 265
KOT CS 50 si
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Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual
Chart Title
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
BHST 110 121 128 135 135 146 150 165 180 206 270 300
BHST
CS50psi/KT
Ratio CS50 - KOT Trend CS50/KOT
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Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual
Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual
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Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual
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HECSs Simulations
To produce reasonable Compressive
Strength Predictions the slurry must
be Stable : Slurries must have low Bulk Shrinkage
Slurries must have little segregation
Slurries must have low Free Water
Set Cement density must be within 0.3
PPG of Design Density (measured by
Arquimedes method)
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13 3/8 Tail Slurry
0
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Tran
sitTime(microsec/in
)
0
350
700
1050
1400
1750
2100
2450
2800
3150
3500
CompressiveStrength(psi)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
Temperature(F)
0:00 3:30 7:00 10:30 14:00 17:30 21:00
Time (HH:MM)
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13 3/8 Tail Slurry
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
TransitTime(microsec/in)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
Com
pressiveStrength(psi)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
Temperature(F)
0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00Time (HH:MM)
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Using Aluminum to Improve
HIGH EARLYCOMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
FWC-47,AEF-100L,T-40L,MPA-1
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0
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10
12
14
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18
20
Tr
ansitTime(microsec/in)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
Co
mpressiveStrength(p
si)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
Temperature(F)
0:00 3:30 7:00 10:30 14:00 17:30 21:00
Time (HH:MM)
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Vencemos Class A + 5% MPA-1 + 0.4% A-2 + 0.7% BA-10 + 0.2% CD-33. @ 13.6 ppg.
BHST = 146 F / BHCT = 110 F
Fluid Loss = 45 cc/30
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tran
sitTime(microsec/in)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
Com
pressiveStrength(p
si)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
Temperature(F)
0:00 3:40 7:20 11:00 14:40 18:20 22:00Time (HH:MM)
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Cement Joppa Class H + 15% LW-7 + 10% MPA-1
+.05 gps R-21L(B) + 0.1 gps CD-31L
+ 0.3 gps BJ Blue D = 13.0 lpg / BHST = 250F
0
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Tra
nsitTime(microsec
/in)
0
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600
900
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2100
2400
2700
3000
Com
pressiveStrength(psi)
0
40
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280
320
360
400
Temperature(F)
0:00 3:50 7:40 11:30 15:20 19:10 23:00
Time (HH:MM)
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Cement Joppa Class H + 15% LW-7 + 10% MPA-1 +
0.05gps R-21L(B) + 0.1 gps CD-31L+ 0.3 gps BJ Blue
D = 13.0 lpg / BHST = 250F
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Preventing
Cement Sheath Failure
1- OUTER FORCES
2- INNER FORCES
2.1- Temperature
2.2 - Pressure
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Well-bore Pressure
Increase
Radial stress is Compressive and
Tangential stress is Tensile, both are
linear with Pressure increases
Tangential stress is higher at
pipe/cement interface, potential problem
radial cracks propagation
Tangential stress becomes compressive
at rock interface
Softer rocks will require cements with
higher tensile strength
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W ll b P
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Well-bore Pressure
Decrease
Radial stress is Tensile and Tangential
stress is Compressive
Radial stress is higher at pipe/cementinterface, potential problem is de-bonding
from the pipe
Radial stress is also Tensile at
cement/rock interface, potential problem
is de-bonding from the rock
Harder rocks will require cements with
higher tensile strength
W ll b T t
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Well-bore Temperature
Increase
Radial stress is always Compressive
Tangential stress is Compressive
near the pipe/cement interface andTensile near cement/rock interface at
early times
Softer cements than the rock will
produce lower tensile strengths
potential problem radial cracks
propagation
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Requires special additives
I i T il St th
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44%13% 43%
92%85% 75%
Test Base Cement Density Temp Additive #1 Additive #2 24 Hr Comp. 24 Hr Flexural 24 Hr Tensile
Slurry # Lbm/gal F Strength (Psi) Strength (Psi) Strength (Psi)
10 Class H 16.5 120 3150 866 358
11 Class H 16.5 120 5 pps Nylon Fiber 3263 819 400
12 Class H 16.5 120 100 GHS SBR Latex 3045 948 413
13 Class H 16.5 120 200 GHS SBR Latex 3888 898 473
14 Class H 16.5 120 100 GHS Liquid PVA 3642 874 391
15 Class H 16.5 120 10% (BWOC) CaSiO3 Fiber 0.2% Dispersant 4567 1350 573
16 Class H 16.5 120 10% (BWOC) HRM 0.4% Dispersant 5829 1518 689
17 Class H 16.5 170 5733 1276 428
18 Class H 16.5 170 5 pps Nylon Fiber 5425 1007 442
19 Class H 16.5 170 100 GHS SBR Latex 5177 1378 511
20 Class H 16.5 170 10% (BWOC) CaSiO3 Fiber 0.2% Dispersant 5717 1555 479
21 Class H 16.5 170 10% (BWOC) HRM 0.4% Dispersant 6500 1845 610
22 Class G 15.8 120 0.2% Dispersant 4012 1097 425
23 Class G 15.8 120 100 GHS SBR Latex 3488 915 422
24 Class G 15.8 120 10% (BWOC) CaSiO3 Fiber 0.2% Dispersant 3799 1138 373
25 Class G 15.8 120 10% (BWOC) HRM 0.3% Dispersant 5212 1539 498
26 Class G 15.8 170 0.2% Dispersant 4173 1092 353
27 Class G 15.8 170 100 GHS SBR Latex 3707 1171 442
28 Class G 15.8 170 10% (BWOC) CASiO3 Fiber 0.2% Dispersant 3920 1237 406
29 Class G 15.8 170 10% (BWOC) HRM 0.3% Dispersant 4865 1470 484
Improving Tensile Strength
BA-10,FL-45LS
BA-86L
MPA-1
Also BA-100
16% 34%
30% 35% 17%
37%
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How to use CMVision
Objective is to reduce costs
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STEP 1 - Checking on Actual Strengths
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Step 2 - Matching Tensile Strength
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Reducing Density + adding a Tensile additive
Step 2 - Matching Tensile Strength
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Reducing Density + adding a Tensile additive
Second Alternative Reducing
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Second Alternative Reducing
WOC for All Cement Slurries
Go for minimum Compressive Strength needed and
reduce rig WOC by adding Aluminate additives such
as MPA-1, AEF-100L, T-40L, FWC-47
0
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TransitTime(microsec/in)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
CompressiveStren
gth(psi)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
Temperature
(F)
0:00 11:30 23:00 34:30 46:00 57:30 69:00
Time (HH:MM)
Cement Boyaca Class G + 35% S-8 + 0.085 gps R-
21L(USA) + 0.02 gps CD-31L + 0.01 gps FP-6L(B)D = 16.0 lpg / BHCT = 196 F / BHCT+10 = 206 F
Strength: 3620 PSI @ 68:26 Horas
0
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16
18
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TransitTime(microsec/in)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
CompressiveStren
gth(psi)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
Temperature
(F)
0:00 11:20 22:40 34:00 45:20 56:40 68:00
Time (HH:MM)
Cement Boyaca Class G + 35% S-8 + 15% MPA-1 +
0.06 gps R-21L(B) + 0.2 gps BJ Blue +0.01 gps FP-6L(B)D = 15.0 lpg / BHCT = 196 F / BHCT+10 = 206 F
Strength: 2593 PSI @ 67:37 Horas
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Testing zone isolation for
Cement Sheath Failure
Have CM-Vision calculate Stresses and
strength requirement for actual Cyclic
Conditions on well life, i.e.:
well 15428 ft depth, 7 liner, 10.9 ppg mud,pore pressure 0.54 psi/ft, 235 F
pressure :well-bore 8700 psi &
fracturing 13623 PSI
tensile strength requirement for 4900psi tensile strength requirement for
4000 psi
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Testing zone isolation with cement
sheath failure
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Well-borePressure Draw-down
Cliffs Data
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Cliff s Data
Cliffs Data
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0 200 100
Cliff s Data
Cliffs Data
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0 20
0 100
Cliff s Data