Download - CNS and Neurotransmitters
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The role of the Central
Nervous System and
Neurotransmitters inhuman behaviour.
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The Nervous System has 2 main partsthe Central
Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral NervousSystem.
The CNS consists of the brain
and the spinal cord.
The brain is within the skull and the spinal cord is within
the vertebrae.
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Parts of the brain and spinal cord
The Brain
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Continued: Find out the function of the following brain
parts: Hippocampus
Ventricles
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hemispheres
Striatum
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Cortex
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that act between the neurones
in the brain. This allows the brain to process thoughts and memories.
The nervous system contains neurones and gliaglial cells carry out
repairs and remove waste products from the brain.
Neurones receive and transmit messages, passing them from cell to cell.
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Place the following in the correct order
The axon terminal of one neurone reaches to thedendrites of another.
The synaptic gap or cleft sits between two neurones.
At one end, a neurone has dendrites which surround thenucleus.
On one side, at the dendrites, there are receptors of acertain shape, prepared to receive the neurotransmitterfrom another neurone.
From the nucleus, there is a long extension called an
axon, which reaches to an axon terminal. If the neurotransmitter fits the receptor the message is
passed on; if it does not, the message is blocked.
Between the terminal and the dendrites, there is a gapcalled a synapse.
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How Synapses work
You will need notes on how messages are
passed via neurotransmitters
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXx9qlJ
etSU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXx9qlJetSU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXx9qlJetSU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXx9qlJetSU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXx9qlJetSU&feature=related -
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Neurotransmitters continued:
RECEPTORS can be thought of as locksif acertain chemical (neurotransmitter) fits like a
key, then the message is passed on: if it does
not then the message is blocked.
Manufactured drugs work in this waythey
mimic neurotransmitters, more or less fit certain
receptors, are received like neurotransmitters
and the message from them works. Somedrugs block the messagethey fit the receptor,
so the natural neurotransmitter cannot pass the
message on because the receptor is not
available.
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The Role of Genes in Human
Behaviour
NOI said GENES
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A GENE contains a set of instructions and is a
carrier of information.
Each individual human has a genotypethis is
the genetic composition
Each person has a phenotype which is what the
individual becomes when their genes interactwith each other and the environment.
A gene consists of a long
strand of DNA A chromosome is a double
chain of DNA
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Some genes always lead to certaincharacteristics; these are known as dominant
genesto produce a characteristic, dominantgenes need to be on only one pair ofchromosomes.
Some genes need more than one copy to
produce a characteristic; these are known asrecessive genesif a recessive gene is presenton only one of the pair of chromosomes, thecharacteristic will not appear.
However, they can be passed on and mayappear in a future generation.
Characteristics can be aspects of appearance,personality or behaviour.
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Examples of the effects of genes on
humans
Some diseases and characteristics are sex linkedthey
are controlled by the sex genes. E.g. most colour blind
people are men
If one parent contributes two copies of chromosome 21,
then the child has three copies and the consequence isDowns Syndrome.
Human chromosome 4 has a marker known as G8if a
parent and child both have Huntingdons Disease, then
in 98% of cases they both have the same form of G8markersuggesting that the gene for Huntingdons
travels with the G8 marker
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Huntingdons Disease
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Environmental triggers on genes
Sometimes genes do not influence
physical characteristics unless the right
environmental conditions occur. Find out about PKU (phenylketonuria)
what is it? How can the damage from this
condition be reduced?
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PKU
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The Nature Nurture Debate
What do psychologists mean when theytalk about the naturenurture debate?
Write down some characteristics that you
have which you believe are caused by
nature.
Write down some characteristics that you
have which you believe are caused by
nurture.
Which characteristics may be caused due
to an interaction between nature and
nurture?
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Biological explanations for gender
developmentwe will.
Consider how biological psychologists
might explain sex & gender
Examine chromosomal influences on
sex/gender development
Examine hormonal influences on
sex/gender development
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Sex chromosomes
Genetic blueprint for a person is organised
into 23 pairs of chromosomes
22 pairs are both X shaped. the 23rddepends on whether the person is female
or male
XXfemale XY - male
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Sex chromosomes
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Chromosomes & hormones
Everything develops as a female unless
instructed otherwise
The Y chromosome contains instructionsfor the body to produce androgens (male
sex hormones)
These cause the embryo to develop alongthe male path
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Sexual development
At about 6 weeks gestation the GONADS
or sex organs begin to develop but there is
no difference between developing sexorgans of males and females at this stage.
Later, the gonads begin develop differently
What does the gene in the Y chromosomecalled SRY do?
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HORMONES
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Which protein hormone is released at
about 6 weeks into foetal development? What does this hormone do?
What are the undeveloped sex organs of
both men and women called? What is the name of the first hormone to
be released by the testes and what does it
do?
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Abnormal sex differentiation and
development Problems with sex differentiation can occur at any time
during development.
Problems can arise at fertilisatione.g. boys with XXY
chromosomes develop Klinefeltere syndrome and girlswith XO chromosomes have Turners syndrome.
Incorrect Mullerian or Wolffian duct development canalso cause problemsthe foetus might not respond toandrogens, in which case the foetus will have neithermale nor female internal duct structures and lack of theMullerian (female) inhibiting substance but withandrogen secretion can lead to a foetus having bothmale and female duct structures.
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Klinefelters syndrome
Physical differences (stature, limbs)
Underdeveloped genitalia
Gynaecomastia in some cases
Poor language abilities, learning difficulties
Shy and passive temperament
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Klinefelters syndrome
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Klinefelters syndrome
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Turners syndrome
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Turners syndrome
Physical differences (neck, stature)
Underdeveloped ovaries, lack of
menstruation at puberty
Poor spatial and mathematical abilities
Poor social adjustment
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Turners syndrome
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Hormones and Gender Development
Like neurotransmitters, hormones carrymessages
However, the messages are passed much more
slowly because hormones travel in the
bloodstream
They affect numerous
processes such as growth,
development, mood andmetabolism
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They are produced by endocrine glands, whichare groups of cells and include the pituitary,
thyroid and adrenal glands
They are also produced by males in the testesand females in the ovaries
The female hormones are oestrogen andprogesterone
The male hormones are androgens such astestosterone
Collectively these are called reproductive organs These dictate gender differences and cause the
male and female brains to develop differently
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Human Brain
Corpus callosum: the bundle of fibres that connects the two
hemispheres
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The Male Brain
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The Female Brain
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Hormone differences can affect health and
lifestyle throughout a persons life. For examplemore females develop pain
syndromes like fibromyalgia and they alsotend to suffer more from mood disorders
such as depression and anxiety. On theother hand, more men than women arelikely to develop alcoholism and to abusedrugs.
Find out about ANDROGENITALSYNDROMECause? Symptoms?
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Brain Lateralisation
What is meant by the term brain lateralisation?
What are the 2 parts of the brain known as?
What connects the 2 parts of the brain?
It is claimed that the left and right sides of thebrain are concerned with different thingswhatare these?
What evidence is there for brain lateralisation?You will need evidence from studies heree.g.Pfeiffer
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Men Vs Women
Men(unilateral => stroke affects)
Women(the corpus callosum is larger)
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
More active in
linguistic tasks
Bilateral in linguistic tasks
High activity in
spatial tasks
Bilateral in spatial tasks
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Speech CreativityAnalysis Patterns
Time Spatial
ability
Sequence Context
Recognition awareness
Words Face
Letters recognition
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Test your Brain Sex
You can do this by logging on to the
following link and completing the testit
will take about twenty minutes. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/
sex/index_cookie.shtml
Please do this and print out your findingsbring to class after half term
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sex/index_cookie.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sex/index_cookie.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sex/index_cookie.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sex/index_cookie.shtml -
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Evaluation of biological explanations for
gender development
The Case of David Reimer
The results of biological explanations are based
on tests that can be repeated e.g. injecting ratswith additional testosterone or using MRI
scanning in humans to detect blood flow. The
results are replicable and can be shown to be
reliable
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Different research methods are used and tend tocome up with similar results e.g. sex differences
in brain lateralisation. There is a problem with generalisability because
many findings come from animal studies; thereare important differences in the human brain, so
such findings may not be relevant to humansand may not be credible.
Biological aspects are difficult to study withoutreference to the environment; for example male
and female children are reinforced for differentbehaviour; this may mean that they use differentstrategies to do tasks rather than that they havedifferent brain structures (SLT)
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Pseudo hermaphroditese.g. Daphne Went
this evidence refutes the genetic explanation of
gender development. How?
Androgenital syndrome and Androgen sensitivity
syndrome support the argument that pre natal
exposure to certain hormones determinesgender developmenthormone exposure can
override genetic sex.
There is an argument that gender is a result of
interaction between biology and environment.
From the moment a child is conceived, it is
subject to influence from the environment.
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http://myhome.iolfree.ie/~lightbulb/Line.html