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Coal Petroleum Natural Gas
Burning fossil fuels (which has stored chemical energy) creates steam which can turn a generator.
Fuel formed under the Earth’s surface by the decomposition of organic matter
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Resources and Reserves
• A resource is a naturally occurring substance of use to humans that can potentially be extracted using current technology.
• A reserve is a known deposit that can be
economically extracted using current technology, under certain economic conditions.
– Reserves are smaller than resources. – Reserve levels change as technology advances, new
discoveries are made, and economic conditions vary.
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Resources and Reserves
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Coal Formation The 3 P’s:
• Plants, Preservation, Pressure (& temperature)
Kentucky Geological Survey (2006) http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalkinds.htm
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel!!!
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World Coal Reserves
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How Coal is Mined
McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Hazards of Coal Mining…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ
History Channel “Life After People” – Centralia, PA
YouTube – Centralia, PA
http://www.history.com/shows/life-after-people/videos/centralia-pennsylvania#centralia-pennsylvania
http://web.viu.ca/geoscape/risky_ground.htm
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Where to find oil and gas
• Present technology can recover about 1/3 of an oil deposit
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Where to find oil and gas Anticline Trap Fault Trap
Salt Dome Trap Stratigraphic Trap
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Oil Shale Rock and the Shale Oil Extracted from It
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Offshore Drilling
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Types of Offshore Rigs
1, 2) conventional fixed platforms; 3) compliant tower; 4, 5) vertically moored tension leg and mini-tension leg platform; 6) Spar ; 7,8) Semi-submersibles ; 9) Floating production, storage, and offloading facility; 10) sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility.
Source: Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (15 December 2008). "Types of Offshore Oil and Gas Structures". NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the Deep Slope. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06mexico/background/oil/media/types_600.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
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Oil Reserves By Region
Source: http://www.energyinsights.net/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000042/004207.htm
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Steps in Processing Oil
• Multiple products can be made from a single barrel of crude oil 1. Separation 2. Conversion 3. Treatment Source: http://rhinogfx.com/blog/?p=107
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Separation: Fractional Distillation
• The separation of a mixture into its component parts
• Parts separate by their different boiling points
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Fig. 15-4a, p. 375
Lowest Boiling Point
Gases
Gasoline
Aviation fuel
Heating oil
Diesel oil
Naphtha
Heated crude oil
Grease and wax
Furnace Asphalt
Highest Boiling Point
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Conversion
• Catalytic Cracking: Heat, pressure, and a powdered catalyst are used to “crack” heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones
• Coking: Heat & some pressure are used to create lighter hydrocarbons and “coke” a coal-like substance that is used as an industrial fuel
• Alkylation: reverse cracking (turning smaller molecules into heavier molecules)
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Treatment
• Blending, purifying and improving products with additives to meet specific requirements
– Ex. – Winter / Summer Gas – less volatile hydrocarbons (short chain) in summer due to higher temps.