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The Western Frontier
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Historical Context:After the Civil WarPhysical expansion and
industrializationHomestead Act of 1862
◦160 acres out west for anyone who would live on the land and improve it
◦Half a million farmers (including thousands of freed African Americans) moved west
◦Thousands of miners went to find goldFirst transcontinental railroad = 1869
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Historical Context:Disappearing Frontier
By 1890 the west had been transformed◦No longer open range and grazing buffalo◦Replaced by cattle ranches, railroads, fenced land
Indian nations disappeared◦Depended on buffalo for
survival◦Forced from land by settlers◦Sent to live in Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Even that was opened up to settlers
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Chief Joseph1840-1904Born in Oregon territoryLeader of Native American
tribe forced to IdahoOffered a treaty by
government but refusedWar began between U.S.
army and Chief Joseph’s people
Eventually surrendered because people were suffering too much
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“I Will Fight No More Forever”
1. What happened to the other chiefs?
2. Who has been left to carry on the fight?
3. Why is Chief Joseph surrendering?4. Now that the battle is over, what
does Chief Joseph want to do?5. Describe Chief Joseph’s
relationship to his people.
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Miriam Davis Colt1815-1900American pioneer traveling westFamily joining a commune of
vegetarians in the Kansas territoryKept a journal to
describe what she saw and felt on the trip and upon arrival