Download - Communicable Diseases
![Page 1: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
![Page 3: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Causative Agent: Mycobacterium TuberculosisHost: Human; CattleMode of Transmission: Airborne-dropletKey Manifestations: a. Night sweatsb. Weight lossc. Late Afternoon feverd. Hemoptysis Common Manifestations:Easy fatigability, cough that progressively
becomes worse
![Page 4: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Diagnostic Procedures:a. CXR – may reveal presence of
active or calcified lesions, pleural effusion
b. Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSM) – presence of acid fast bacilli, Primary diagnostic tool
c. Matoux test/Purified Protein Derivatives (PPD)
![Page 5: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mantoux Test/PPD Testing - Route of administration is
INTRADERMAL - Read after 48-72 hours (2-3
days)- Result – (+ ) Equal or Greater
than 10mm indurations( - ) Less than 10 mm
indurations
![Page 6: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Remember:
1. Immunocompromised clients may not have a positive reaction despite of being infected with tubercle bacilli
2. Clients who have received bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine will have a positive result
![Page 7: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ANTI-TB DRUGS (RIPES)MULTIPLE DRUG THERAPY
R-ifampicin – orange discoloration of urine
I-soniazid – peripheral neuritisP-yrazinamide – hyperuricemia E-thambutol – decreased visual
acuityS-treptomycin – effects on VIII
cranial nerve
![Page 8: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Remember: ISONIAZID causes VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY
Therefore, GIVE Vit.B6 in conjunction with Isoniazid
![Page 9: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Prevention and Control
a. BCG immunization at birth
b. Early case finding and prompt referral
Treatment:
a. Domicilliary treatment
b. MDT
c. High-Carbohydrate, High-protein, High Vit.B6
![Page 10: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
LEPROSY
![Page 11: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Causative Agent:
Mycobacterium leprae
Mode of Transmission: Airborne; Prolonged skin-to-skin contact
Clinical Manifestations:
Early and Late Signs
![Page 12: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Early Signs:- Loss of sensation on the skin
lesion- Decrease sweating and hair
growth- Pain and redness of the eyes- Ulcers that do not heal - Nasal obstruction or bleeding- Muscle weakness or paralysis of
extremities
![Page 13: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Late Signs- Madarosis – loss of eyebrow- Lagophthalmos – inability to
close eyelids- Clawing of fingers and toes- Gynecomastia - Sinking of the nose bridge
![Page 14: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Diagnostic Test: Slit Skin Smear
Anti-leprosy Drugs (CD-ROM)
Clofazimine, Dapsone, Rifampicin, Ofloxacin, Minocycline
![Page 15: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Prevention and Control
a. Early case finding and prompt referral
Treatment:
a. Domicialliary treatment
b. MDT
![Page 16: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
![Page 17: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Causative Agent:Schistosoma japonicumSchistosoma mansoniSchistosoma hematobium
Host: Oncomelania quadrasi (SNAIL)Mode of Transmission: Food-borne,
Direct ContactClinical Manifestation: Spleenomegaly,
inflamed liver, diarrhea, bloody stools, enlarged abdomen
![Page 18: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Drug of Choice: Praziquantel (Biltricide)
Control and Prevention
a. Health Education
b. Proper waste disposal
c. Treat snail-breeding sites with molluscicides
d. Use of rubber boots
![Page 19: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
FILARIASIS
![Page 20: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Causative agents: Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi and Brugia Timori
Host: Aedes poecilus
Mode of Transmission: Mosquito bites
Incubation Period: 8-16 months
Clinical Manifestations:
Hydrocoele – swelling of the scrotum
Lymphedema – temporary swelling of upper and lower extremities
Elephantiasis – enlargement and thickening of the skin
![Page 21: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Diagnostic Tests:
a. Nocturnal Blood Examination – blood is taken after 8PM
b. Immunochromatographic Test – antigen test done during daytime
Treatment:
a. Mass treatment
b. Medical treatment
c. Surgical treatment
![Page 22: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Medical Treatment:
Diethylcarbamazepine Citrate (DEC)/Hetrazan
Prevention and Control
a. Environmental sanitation
b. Spraying with insecticides
c. Health education
![Page 23: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MALARIA
![Page 24: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Causative Agent:
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Mode of Transmission:
Mosquito bites (Anopheles)
![Page 25: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Clinical Manifestations:
Anemia, Hepatomegaly, Spleenomegaly
Profuse sweating, fever, malaise, recurrent chills
Diagnostic Test:
Blood Smear
![Page 26: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Prevention and Control:
a. Chemoprophylaxis
b. Zooprophylaxis
c. Insecticide
d. House spraying
e. On stream clearing
f. On stream seeding
![Page 27: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Antimalarial Medications:
Chloroquine – Oral preparation
Quinine – IM injection
For prevention, instruct the people to avoid outdoor night activities (9PM-3AM)
![Page 28: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever
![Page 29: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Causative Agent:
Dengue virus 1, 2,3,4
Chikungunya Virus
Incubation Period: 6 – 11 days
Mode of Transmission:
Mosquito Bite (Aedes Aegypti)
![Page 30: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Clinical Manifestations:
a. First 4 days – Febrile/Invasive stage
high fever, abdominal pain and headache, vomiting,
conjunctival infection, epistaxis
![Page 31: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
b. 4th-7th days – Toxic or Hemorrhagic Stage
Lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain,
hematemesis or melena (signs of bleeding),
hypovolemic shock
![Page 32: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
c. 7th – 10th day – Convalescent/Recovery Stage
Stabilization of vital signs and other sign and symptoms
![Page 33: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Diagnostic Test:
Torniquet Test (Rumpel Leads Test)
Prevention and Control:
1. Environmental Sanitation
![Page 34: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Nursing Management:
Supportive and Symptomatic treatment
a. Analgesic
b. Rapid Fluid Replacement
c. Blood transfusion
Remember: DO NOT GIVE ASPIRIN
![Page 35: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
MEASLES
![Page 36: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Causative Agent: Filterable virus of measles
Mode of Transmission: Droplet spread by nose and throat secretions
Incubation Period: 10-14 days
Clinical Manifestation: a. Koplik spotsb. Erupted area of the cheeksc. Branny desquamation
![Page 37: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CHICKEN POX
![Page 38: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Causative Agent: VaricellaMode of Transmission: direct contact
or droplet spread
Incubation Period: 13-17 days
Period of Communicability: 1 day before and 6 days after the appearance of first crop of vesicles
![Page 39: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Clinical Manifestations:
Slight Fever, Vesicular Rash, granular scabs
Remember: Exclusion from schools for 1 week after first eruption appears
![Page 40: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
MUMPS (EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS)
![Page 41: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Causative Agent: Paramyxovirus
Incubation: 13-26 days
Period of Communicability:
As long as glandular swelling remains
Clinical Manifestations:
Painful swelling in front of ear, angle of jaws and down the neck
Orchitis – painful swelling of one or both testicles
![Page 42: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Treatments:
a. Active Immunization (MMR)
b. Active Treatment
c. Diet – Soft Diet
d. Passive immunization
![Page 43: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
PNEUMONIA
![Page 44: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Causative Agent: Diploccocus pneumoniae, Virus
Mode of Transmission: Airborne
Incubation Period: 2-3 days
Clinical Manifestations:
Chest indrawing
Fast breathing
![Page 45: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nursing Managements:
a. Bed rest
b. Nutrition
c. Increased fluid intake
d. Frequent turning from side to side
![Page 46: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CHOLERA
(EL TOR)
![Page 47: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Causative Agent: Vibrio El Tor
Incubation Period: Few hours – 5 days
Mode of Transmission: Foodborne and Waterborne
Clinical Manifestations:
Rice Watery Stool
Severe Dehydration
Muscular Cramps
![Page 48: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Nursing Management:
a. Fluid Replacement
b. Electrolyte replacement
c. Proper Nutrition – “am”, soup, Low residue diet
![Page 49: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
RABIES
(Lyssa)
![Page 50: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Causative Agent:
Rhabdovirus, Lyssavirus
Incubation Period: 2 to 8 weeks
Mode of Transmission: Dog bites
Clinical Manifestation:
Hydrophobia
Sense of Apprehension
Delirium and Convulsions
Paralysis
![Page 51: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Nursing Management
a. Wound care
b. Post-Exposure Treatments
- active and passive immunization
c. Health education to the public
![Page 52: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
BACILLARY
DYSENTERY
![Page 53: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Causative Agent: Shigella
Mode of Transmission: Food-Borne, Direct contact, Vector-borne
Incubation Period: Less than 4 days
Clinical Manifestation:
Tenesmus – painful spasm of the anal sphincter
Bloody and Mucoid stool
![Page 54: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Nursing Managements:
a. Personal Hygiene
b. Proper Diet and Nutrition
![Page 55: Communicable Diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061122/5471c981b4af9fea758b458d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
~THE END~