Download - CommunicationTheory
Communications TheoryThe instructional design knowledge based
• The communication process can be viewed as a matter of transmission, behavior, interaction, or transaction.
• The typical components of the communication process are the information, source, the message, channels (auditory & visual), noise, environment, information receiver ( including cultural backgrounds & previous experiences), interpretation of meaning, & feedback.
Key principles:
Philosophical Emphases
The following generalizations can be made:
• Transmission & behavioral emphases have an empiricist &/or a rationalist view.
• The interaction emphasis has a humanist view.• The transaction emphasis has a constructivist
view.
Basic research support• Shannon’s early channel & noise research; Gestalt
research & theory related to perspection
Early contributors• Communication theory: David Berlo, Malcolm MacLean,
Wilbur Schramm, Claude Shannon, Warren Weaver, and Bruce Westley;
• ID Applications: James Heartley & Robert Travers
ID Application• Culture-Based ID Models
• Message Design
• Multimedia Design
Support ID Research• Elements that direct attention in instruction (e.g. Frank
Dwyer)
• Multimedia message design (e.g. Richard Mayer)
• Single- vs. multiple-channel processing (e.g. Robert Travers, Allan Paivio)
• Studies of effects of message structure on cognitive processing ( eg. John Sweller & colleagues)
Related concepts:• Cognitive Load• Cueing Techniques• Globalized & Localized Education & Training• Information Load• Single-& Multi-channeled Communication• Split Attention• Visual Language & Learning
Instructional Design Domains & Elements Relating to Communications Theory
Learners & Learning Process• Learner characteristics • Attitudes• Background• Culture• Demographics• Motivation
Learning & Performance Contexts
1. EnvironmentMessage contextSocial systemSocietyTechnology-based
2. Physical materials and arrangements
Content structure & sequence• Information & cognitive load• Message structure (eg. Vocabulary, grammar,visuals,
color)
Instructional & noninstructional strategies
• Eliminating noise• Facilitating interaction & social communication• Facilitating online communication• Giving & receiving feedback• Securing & focusing attention
Media & delivery systems• Auditory & visual delivery channels• New technologies & message tranmission
Designers & design processes
• Message design(gaining attention,typographical & visual cues)
• Multimedia design ( avoiding split attention, information redundancy, sound perception)
• Text design ( page& type size, typeface, spaing, capitalization
Communications TheoryEND