Download - Community interactions and sucession revised
![Page 1: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Community Interactions
![Page 2: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
QUICK REVIEW
•What is community?•What is population?
![Page 3: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Community Interactions
• Powerfully affect an ecosystem• Include:
– Competition– Predation– Symbiosis
![Page 4: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Competition
• When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and the same time– Resource any necessity to life– Plants and animals compete– Winner and losers
![Page 5: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Interspecific competition– Competition between two or more speciess– When 2 or more species rely on same limited
resource in a community– Ex. Garden plants and weeds– Ex. Grasshoppers and bison– Ex. Lynx and foxes– Ex. African savannah
![Page 6: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Niche• Each species unique living arrangement in
a community• “Role”
– Think about a specific position player on a team i.e. pitcher on a baseball team
• Ex. Lizards in a rainforest• Includes:
– Habitat– Food sources– Time of day organism is most active
![Page 8: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rules, rules, rules• Fundamental rule in ecology
– Competitive Exclusion Principle• Russian biologist G.F. Gause
– Paramecium caudatum vs. Paramecium aurelia– Separately, both thrive in a culture– P. aurelia could gather food more quickly than the P.
caudatum, therefore, if they are grown together, P. aurelia will thrive while P. caudatum will die out
• 2 species so similar in requirements that the same resource limits both population’s growth, and one species may succeed over another
• No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat and the same time
• Prevents un necessary competition
![Page 9: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Competitive Exclusion:
The Ciliate Paramecium over 24 d
Grown inSeparateFlasks
Grown inthe SameFlask
![Page 10: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Predation
• Interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism
• Predator– Organism that does the killing and eating
• Prey– Organism that is being killed and eaten
(victim)
![Page 16: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Predator Adaptations
• Speed• Agility• Coloring/camouflage to ambush prey• Packs/teams
– Ex. Wolves• Acute senses
– Ex. Rattle snake heat sensor organs• Claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison
![Page 17: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Camouflage Assists Predators(a)
(b)
Cheetah
Frogfish
![Page 18: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Cryptic Coloration(Camouflage)
• To avoid detection by predators, some animals have evolved to resemble objects such as bird droppings, leaves, or thorns
![Page 19: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Camouflage by Blending in
Sand dab (fish)
Nightjar (bird)
![Page 20: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Chapter 27 20
A Plant That Mimics a Rock
Cactus
![Page 21: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Prey adaptations• Safe locations• Flee• Coloring/camouflage to hide• Defensive coloration (Cryptic coloration and Aposematic
coloration)– “warning coloration”
• Mimicry (Batesian and Mullerian)– Organisms imitate dangerous organisms by appearance and
actions• Hawk moth larva
• Plants– Thorns, spines, poisonous chemicals
![Page 22: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Cryptic Coloration:Camouflage by
Resembling Specific Objects
Moth
droppings
Leafy Sea Dragon-sea leaves/weed
Treehoppers- leaves
![Page 23: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Aposematic coloration:Warning Coloration-many organisms that are poisonous develop bright coloration-predators tend to avoid things with bright colors
![Page 24: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mullerian mimicry
• Two distasteful/unpalatable animals resemble each other
![Page 25: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Batesian Mimicry:Protection Through Mimicry
• Snowberry flies avoid jumping spider predation by mimicking them both visually and behaviorally
![Page 26: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Visual and Behavioral Mimicry(a)
(b)
![Page 27: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Chapter 27 27
![Page 28: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Protection Through Mimicry
• Some animals deter predators by employing startle coloration
– Have spots that resemble eyes of a large predator
![Page 29: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Chapter 27 29
Startle Coloration
Swallowtail butterfly caterpillar
Peacock moth
![Page 30: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Chemical Warfare
• Both predators and prey have evolved toxic chemicals for attack and defense
• Spiders and poisonous snakes use venom to paralyze their prey and deter predators
• Many plants have evolved chemicals to deter herbivores
• Bombardier beetle sprays hot chemicals from its abdomen
![Page 31: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Chemical Warfare
![Page 32: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Coevolutionary Adaptations
• Plants have evolved a variety of chemicals to deter herbivores
– Example: the toxic and distasteful chemicals in milkweed
• Some animals evolve ways to detoxify these chemicals, allowing them to eat the plants
– Plants may then evolve other toxic substances
![Page 33: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Chapter 27 33
The monarch butterfly uses deterrent chemicals of milkweed, acquired by a feeding caterpillar, to make itself distasteful to its predators
![Page 34: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Symbiosis
• Any relationship where two species live closely together
• Symbiosis literally means “living together”
• 3 main types– Parasitism– Mutualism– commensalism
![Page 35: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What type of relationship is this?• Who is helping who?
![Page 36: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mutualism
• Both species benefit from the relationship
• A Happy couple• Flowers and bees
– Flowers need bees for pollination, bees need flowers nectar
![Page 37: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
What type of relation ship is going on here?
•Who is helping who?
![Page 41: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Commensalism
• One member of the relationship benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped
• One-sided• Rare in nature• Food or shelter• Barnacles on whale• Seaweed on back of crab
![Page 42: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What type of interaction is going on here?
![Page 43: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Parasitism• One organism lives on or inside another
organism and harms it• Parasite obtains all or part of its nutrients from
the other organism• Host
– Organism that is harmed in relation ship; the one that provides the nutrients to the parasite
• Parasite– Organism that gets its nutrients from the host
• Do they want to kill their host?– No, because they need them…they will weaken or
hurt the host in some way
![Page 44: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Chapter 27 48
Symbiosis
![Page 49: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Recap
• What are the three types of interactions in a community?– Competition– Predation– Symbiosis
• What types do we have?– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism
![Page 50: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Ecological Succession
• Do all ecosystems stay the same all the time?
• What are some things that cause changes to ecosystems?– Natural and unnatural– Quickly and slowly
![Page 51: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances.
• As an ecosystem changes, older habitants die out and new organisms move in, causing more change
![Page 52: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Ecological Succession
• Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time– Physical environment– Natural disturbance– Human disturbance
![Page 53: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Primary Succession• Succession on land
that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists
• Volcanic eruptions• Glaciers melting
![Page 54: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Stages of Primary Succession
• Start with no soil, just ash and rock• First species to populate this area
– “pioneer species”– For example, pioneer species on volcanic
rock are lichens (LY-kunz)• Lichens made up of fungus and algae that can
grow on bare rock• When lichens die, they for organic material that
becomes soil…now plants can grow
![Page 57: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Secondary Succession
• Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
• Natural – hurricane– fires
• Human disturbances– Farming– Forest clearing
![Page 58: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Succession in Marine Ecosystems
• Deep and dark• Can succession happen?• 1987 dead whale off of California
– Unique community of organisms living in remains
– Represents stage in succession in an otherwise stable, deep-sea ecosystem
– Whale-fall community
![Page 64: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Whale-Fall Succession• Begins when large whale dies
– Sinks to barren ocean floor– Scavengers and decomposers flock to carcass , our first community
• Amphipods• Hagfish• sharks
• After a year, most tissues have been eaten– Now, second small community of organisms live here– Body is decomposing, releasing nutrients into the water
• Small fishes• Crabs• Snails• worms
• Only skeleton remains…– Third community moves in
• Heterotrophic bacteria• Decompose oil in bones release of chemical compounds• Who uses these chemical compounds?
– Chemoosynthetic autotrophs• In come the crabs, clams, and worms that feed on this bacteria
![Page 66: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Human Activity and Species Diversity
• Land clearing– Farmland– Diverse forest replaced with single crop– Decreases species diversity
• Introduced species– Humans move a species from its native land
to a new location, intentionally or accidentally
![Page 67: Community interactions and sucession revised](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060110/555cb96fd8b42a5f718b464d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Teacher,
Study Intro to Ecology
and Community Interactions