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755
Klnstmnsjcbcoy
1ccC8
:10755-7;
444 KinrjeklUcejnty
cf
Klnstmnsjcbcojsts, Jle
Jjppjlectt
wjbbj8uls
& wjbhjls, Jle.
Ecipkrjscl
cf
Jltrkvnlcus
cr
Npjgurkb
Tktjnlt-
ecltrcbbng Klkbonsjk jl tmn Nbgnrby kftnr Ik`cr
Kagcijlkb Uuronry
Ebkugn Ikll, I.G., Tm.G.,* Zvkl Tcuznrkttn, I.G.,t Ojbbns Aceekrk, I.G.,t Emrjstcpmn Tneecux,$
Emrjstjln Vnroln, I.G., Oncrons Arulkt, I.G.,
t
@kequns Gcinroun, I.G., Y Anrtrklg Ijbbkt, I.G.,
Tksekb Ecbscl, I. G., Tm.G.
Akehorculg
Tktjnlt-ecltrcbbng klkbonsjk
(TEK)
wjtm jltrkvn-
lcus
icrpmjln klg pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng npjgurkb klkbonsjk
TENK), usjlo kl cpjcjg njtmnr kbcln cr jl eciajlktjcl wjtm k
bcekb klnstmntje , krn
twc
ik`cr kgvklens
jl
tmn iklkoninlt cf
pkjl kftnr ik`cr suronry. Mcwnvnr, tmnsn tnemljquns mkvn annl
nvkbuktng pccrby jl nbgnrby pncpbn. Wmjs prcspnetjvn, rklgci-
jzng stugy ecipkrng tmn nffnetjvnlnss cl pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl
klg skfnty cf TENK klg TEK kftnr ik`cr kagci jlkb suronry jl
tmn nbgnrby pktjnlt.
Intmcgs0 Unvnlty pktjnlts cbgnr tmkl
?4
yr cf kon klg ulgnr-
ocjlo ik`cr kagcijlkb suronry wnrn kssjolng rklgciby tc
rnenjvn njtmnr eciajlng npjgurkb klkbonsjk klg onlnrkb klns-
tmnsjk fcbbcwng ay pcstcpnrktjvn
TENK,
usjlo k ijxturn cf
4.;1> aupjvkekjln klg sufnltkljb (TENK orcup), cr onlnrkb
klnstmnsjk fcbbcwng ay TEK wjtm jltrkvnlcus icrpmjln
TEK
orcup). Tkjl jltnlsjty wks tnstng tmrnn tjins gkjby usjlo k vjsukb
klkbco sekbn. Tcstcpnrktjvn nvkbuktjcl jlebugng inltkb s tktus,
ekrgjcrnspjrktcry klg okstrcjltnstjlkb fuletjcls, klg pktjnlt
sktjsfketjcl secrns.
* Ebjljekb Qnsnkrem Fnbbcw, Gnpkrtinl t cf Klnstmnsjk, MApjtkb Ukjlt-
t Kssjstklt jl Klnstmnsjcbcoy, Gnpkrtinlt cf Klnstmnsjk, MApjtkb
$
Qnsjgnlt jl Klnstmnsjcbcoy, Gnpkrtinl t cf Klnstmnsjk, MApjtkb
Utktjstjejkl, Gnpkrtinlt
cf
Ajcstktjstjes, Fkeubty
cf
Ingnejln,
;
Trcfnsscr
cf
Uuronry, Gnpkrtinlt
cf
Uuronry, Mkpjtkb Ukjlt-Nbcj,
Trcfnsscr cf Klnstmnsjcbcoy, Gnpkr tinlt cf Klnstmnsjk, MApjtkb
Qnenjvng frci tmn Keutn Tkjl Qnsnkrem J@ljt, Gnpkrtinlt cf Klns-
tmnsjk, Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr ljvnrsjtkjrn Icltpnbbjnr, Frklen. Uuaijttng
fcr
puabjektjcl Fnarukry
; , ;:::.
Keenptng fcr puabjektjcl Unptnianr
11,
;:::.Uuppcrtng ay orklt
NW?-147
frci tmn Fclgktjcl gn JKvnljr,
Tkrjs, Frklen. Trnsnltng jl pkrt kt tmn kllukb inntjlo cf tmn Kinrjekl
Ucejnty cf Klnstmnsjcbcojsts, Crbklgc, Fbcrjgk, Cetcanr
;?- 11 ,
;::=.
Kggrnss rnprjlt rnqunsts tc Gr. Ikll0 Gnpkrtninlt gmnstmnsjn
Qnkljiktjcl
A,
MApjtkb Ukjlt-Nbcj, Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr ^ljvnrsjtkjrn
Icltpnbbjnr, Icltpnbbjnr Engnx
> , 5 7 1 : > ,
Frklen. Kggrnss nbnetrclje
ikjb
tc0 e-ikllDemu-icltpnbbjnr.fr
Nbcj, Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr ljvnrsjtkjrn Icltpnbbjnr.
Ukjlt-Nbcj, Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr ^ljvnrsjtkjrn Icltpnbbjnr.
Ukjlt-Nbcj, Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr ^ljvnrsjtkjrn Icltpnbbjnr.
Icltpnbbjnr, Frklen.
Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr Jbljvnrsjtkjrn Icltpnbbjnr.
Ukjlt-Nbcj, Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr ^ljvnrsjtkjrn Icltpnbbjnr.
Qnsubts0 Tkjl rnbjnf wks anttnr kt rnst T 9 4.44;) klg kftnr
ecuomjlo (T
9
4 . 4 4 1 ) jl tmn TENK orcup gurjlo tmn > pcstcp-
nrktjvn gkys. Uktjsfketjcl secrns wnrn anttnr jl tmn
TEFK
orcup.
Kbtmcuom jlejgnlen cf gnbjrjui wks ecipkrkabn jl tmn
TEK
klg
TENK
orcups
( 17
us
16 ,
rnspnetjvnby), inltkb stktus wks
jiprcvng cl tmn fcurtm klg fjftm pcstcpnrktjvn gkys jl tmn
TEFK orcup. Wmn TEFK orcup rnecvnrng acwnb fuletjcl icrn
qujehby tmkl gjg tmn
TEK
orcup. Ekrgjcpubiclkry ecipbjek-
tjcls wnrn sjijbkr jl tmn twc orcups.
Eclebusjcl0
Kftnr ik`cr kagcijlkb suronry jl tmn nbgnrby
pktjnl t, pktjnl t-ecltrcbbng klkbonsjk, rnokrgbnss cf tmn rcutn
(npjgurkb cr pk rn lt ng ), js nffnetjvn. Wmn npjgurkb rcutn usjlo
bcekb klnstmntjes klg k l cpjcjg prcvjgns anttnr pkjl rnbjnf klg
jiprcvns inltkb stktus klg acwnb ketjvjty. (Hny wcrgs0 Npj-
gurkb klkbonsjk0 cutecin8 pcstcpnrktjvn ecoljtjvn gysfuletjcl.)
TKWJNLW-ECLWQCBBNG klkbonsjk (TEK) wjtm jltrkvn-
lcus icrpmjln klg pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng npjgurkb klkbonsjk
(TENK), usjlo kl cpjcjg njtmnr kbcln cr jl eciajlktjcl
wjtm k bcekb klnstmntje, krn twc ik`cr kgvklens jl tmn
iklkoninlt cf pkjl kftnr ik`cr suronry.- Tktjnlt-ecl-
trcbbng tnemljquns kbbcw pktjnlts tc snbf-kgijljstnr sikbb
acbusns cf klkbonsje, prcvjgjlo anttnr tjtrktjcl klg nl-
mklejlo rnspclsjvnlnss jl klkbonsje
rnqujrninlt\3\
Kb-
tmcuom tmncrntjekbby usnfub, tmnsn tnemljquns mkvn annl
nvkbuktng pccrby jl tmn nbgnrby pnrscl. TEK mks annl
prcpcsng ks k skfn klg nffnetjvn tnemljqun fcr pcstcpnr-
ktjvn klkbonsjk klg js eclsjgnrng tc an tmn ocbg stkl-
gkrg fcr pkjl rnbjnf kftnr ik`cr suronry.1?Trnvjcus stug-
jns tmkt ecipkrng TEK klg jltrkiuseubkr icrpmjln
kgijljstrktjcls jl tmn nbgnrby pktjnlt smcwng tmkt TEK
jiprcvng klkbonsjk klg rnsubtng jl fnwnr cpjcjg tcxje
rnketjcls, pubiclkry ecipbjektjcls, klg eclfusjclkb np-
jscgns. Jl ecipkrjscl wjtm cpjcjg klkbonsjk ay njtmnr
jltrkvnlcus cr npjgurkb rcutns, npjgurkb kgijljstrktjcl
cf k bcekb klnstmntje klg cpjcjg ijxturn jiprcvng pkjl
rnbjnf..> Icrncvnr, jl mnkbtmy pktjnlts ulgnrocjlo ec-
bclje suronry, tmcrkeje npjgurkb klkbonsjk wjtm aupjvk-
ekjln klg icrpmjln ecubg rnsubt jl nkrbjnr rnecvnry cf
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,
V
:1,
L c 1,
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757
IKLL NW
KB.
Wkabn ;. Kaarnvjktng Inltkb Wnst*
Kon
Wjin (tc lnkrnst mcurs)
Kggrnss
cf
mcspjtkb fcr rnekbb kt nlg cf tnst (Ksh pktjnlt tc rnpnkt
tmn kgrnss tc nlsurn jt mks annl mnkrg ecrrnetby.)
Znkr
Lkin cf mcspjtkb
Qnecoljtjcl
cf
twc pnrscls (n.o., gcetcr, lursn)
Gktn
cf
ajrtm
Znkr cf tmn stkrt cf fjrst wcrbg wkr
Lkin
cf
tmn Trnsjgnlt
Ecult akehwkrg frci
14
tc
;
*Tktjnlts wnrn kshng
tc
klswnr tmn ;4 qunstjcls. Nkem ecrrnet klswnr
secrns cln pcjlt.
acwnb ketjvjty klg fuubfjbbinlt cf gjsemkron erjtnrjk, wjtm
k bcw jlejgnlen cf kgvnrsn nffnets.'.
Ecoljtjvn gysfuletjcl, eciiclby rnpcrtng jl tmn pcst-
cpnrktjvn pnrjcg, wcubg kppnkr tc an ksscejktng wjtm kl
jlernksng jlejgnlen cf vkrjcus ecipbjektjcls klg prc-
bclong mcspjtkb stky.', Jt mks annl suoonstng tmkt tmn
qukbjty cf pcstcpnrktjvn klkbonsjk ecubg gnernksn gnbjr-
jui jlejgnlen klg, jl turl, rnguen gurktjcl klg ecst cf
mcspjtkb stky
jl
tmn nbgnrby ~k tj nl t. ,~cwnvnr,
lc
stugy
mks nvkbuktng tmn ecipkrktjvn nffnets cf tmn gjffnrnlt
pnrjcpnrktjvn klkbonsjk tnemljquns c l cvnrkbb rnecvnry
jl cbgnr pktjnlts.
_n tmnrnfcrn pnrfcring k prcspnetjvn rklgcijzng
stugy jl nbgnrby pktjnlts ulgnrocjlo ik`cr kagcijlkb
suronry tc ecipkrn tmn nffnetjvnlnss
cl
pkjl klg
skfnty
cf
twc tnemljquns cf klnstmnsjk klg klkbonsjk0 eciajlng
npjgurkb klkbonsjk klg onlnrkb klnstmnsjk fcbbcwng ay
pcstcpnrktjvn TENK, usjlo k ijxturn cf aupjvkekjln klg
sufnltkljb, cr onlnrkb klnstmnsjk fcbbcwng ay TEK wjtm
jltrkvnlcus icrpmjln. Uneclg, wn nvkbuktng tmn nffnet
cf tmnsn tnemljquns cl inltkb stktus klg ecipbjektjcls,
jlebugjlo okstrcjltnstjlkb, rnspjrktcry, klg mnicgy-
lkije fuletjcls.
Iktnr j k b s klg In t m c g s
Tktjnlt Unbnetjcl klg Trctcecb
Wmjs prcspnetjvn stugy wks ekrrjng cut fcr
;=
icltms
kftnr kpprcvkb frci tmn Icltpnbbjnr Mcspjtkb Ntmjekb
Eciijttnn. Jlebusjcl erjtnrjk wnrn kon cbgnr tmkl ?4 yr,
Kinrjekl Ucejnty cf Klnstmnsjcbcojsts stktus
J
cr J; (kon
erjtnrjcl anjlo tkhnl kwky), lcrikb prncpnrktjvn inltkb
stktus gnfjlng ay k icgjfjng Kaarnvjktng Inltkb Wnst
secrnbc (KIW, gnfjlng jl tkabn ;
=,
nbnetjvn ik`cr
kagcijlkb suronry fcr eklenr
vjk
ijgbjln cr ajsuaecstkb
jlejsjcl, kasnlen cf ecltrkjlgjektjcls tc npjgurkb klns-
tmnsjk
(n.o.,
prncpnrktjvn eckoubcpktmy, bcekbjzng jlfne-
tjcl), klg kasnlen cf nxtrnin ikblutrjtjcl cr enrnarkb
vkseubkr jlsuffjejnley. Wmn gky anfcrn suronry klg kftnr
catkjljlo wrjttnl jlfcring eclsnlt,
kbb
sua`nets rn-
enjvng wrjttnl klg vnrakb jlstruetjcls fcr usn cf TEK cr
TENK klg wnrn jlstruetng tc akbklen klkbonsjk kokjlst
sngktjcl. Wmnl, tmn pktjnlts wnrn kssjolng tc rnenjvn,
ks
gntnrijlng ay k tkabn cf rklgci luianrs, njtmnr onlnrkb
klnstmnsjk klg pcstcpnrktjvn icrpmjln (TEK orcup) cr
onlnrkb klnstmnsjk eciajlng wjtm npjgurkb aupjvkekjln-
sufnltkljb klnstmnsjk (TENK orcup).
Jl actm orcups, kftnr crkb prningjektjcl wjtm ;44 io
mygrcxyzjln, onlnrkb klnstmnsjk wks jlgueng wjtm 5->
io/ho tmjcpnltkb klg 4.1- 4 .7 po/ho sufnltkljb. Wrkemnkb
jltuaktjcl wks fkejbjtktng ay 4.> io/ho ktrkeurjui. bb
pktjnlts ulgnrwnlt inemkljekb vnltjbktjcl wjtm
kl
nqukb ijxturn cf cxyonl klg ljtrcus cxjgn. Klnstmnsjk
wks ikjltkjlng wjtm jscfburkln, klg iusebn rnbkxktjcl
wks prcvjgng ay kl jl`netjcl cf ktrkeurjui usjlo trkjl-
cf-fcur icljtcrjlo.
Jl tmn TEK orcup, klkbonsjk wks prcvjgng ay 4.>
pobho
sufnltkljb anfcrn shjl jlejsjcl klg suasnqunlt jl`netjcls
cf 4.1- 4.7 po/ho
ks
lnensskry. Jl tmn pcstcpnrktjvn ekrn
uljt , klkbonsjk wks anoul kftnr kl jljtjkb bckgjlo gcsn cf
up tc
>
io jltrkvnlcus icrpmjln. Wmnl, tmn TEK puip
(Orksnay 55448 Orksnay Ingjekb, Vjtry, Frklen) wks prc-
orkiing tc gnbjvnr k ;.>-io jltrkvnlcus icrpmjln ae-
bus wjtm k bcehcut jltnrvkb
cf =
ijl. Jl tmn TENK orcup,
kl npjgurkb ektmntnr wks pbkeng kt tmn W?-W: bnvnb an-
fcrn suronry cf tmn uppnr kagcinl cr kt tmn W:-Wbb
bnvnb anfcrn ecbclje suronry. ]ybcekjln, 1%, wjtm npj-
lnpmrjln (> po/ib) wks jl`netng jltc tmn npjgurkb ektm-
ntnr tc kemjnvn k ajbktnrkb W7 snlscry bnvnb. Onlnrkb
klnstmnsjk tmnrnkftnr wks jlgueng usjlo tmn skin prcen-
gurn usng jl tmn TEK orcup. Npjgurkb klkbonsjk wks
catkjlng ay ecltjlucus jltrkcpnrktjvn jlfusjcl cf k
4.1>% aupjvkekjln klg ;-po/ib sufnltkljb ijxturn, fcb-
bcwng ay pcstcpnrktjvn kgijljstrktjcl cf k 4.;1>%au-
pjvkekjln klg 4.>-po/ib sufnltkljb ijxturn prcvjgng
wjtm k TENK puip (KTI8 Kaactt Bkacrktcrjns, Tkrjs,
Frklen) prcorkiing tc gnbjvnr 1- cr 5-ib acbus wjtm
k
bcehcut jltnrvkb cf ;1 ijl klg k akehorculg jlfusjcl
cf
5-> ib/m. Wrkemnkb nxtuaktjcl wks pnrfcring wmnl
wnkljlo erjtnrjk wnrn sktjsfjng nffnetjvn ecuom, eccrgj-
lktng tmcrgeckagcijlkb icvninlt, kasnlen cf stnrlc-
ebnjgcikstcjg iusebn pkrtjejpktjcl, k rnspjrktcry frn-
qunley bnss tmkl 5> eyebns/ijl, k tjgg vcbuin icrn
tmkl
>
ib/ho,
k
pubsn
cxyonl
skturktjcl icrn tmkl :4%,
kasnlen cf mnicgylkije jlstkajbjty, kojtktjcl, nxenssjvn
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,
V :1, Lc 1,
Fna
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75>
TKWJNLW-ECLWQCBBNG KLKBONUJK KLG NBGNQBZ TKWJNLWU
sngktjcl, klg mypctmnrijk (2 56E).
Kbb
pktjnlts rn-
enjvng tmn skin pcstcpnrktjvn pmysjctmnrkpy. Wmn gky
kftnr suronry, tmn pktjnlts skt jl kl kriemkjr wjtm tmn
mnbp
cf tmn lursns. Wmn lkscokstrje tuan wks rnicvng
wmnl okstrje suetjcl prcvjgng bnss tmkl >44 ib/gky.
Frci tmn tmjrg pcstcpnrktjvn gky, TEK cr TENK wks
gjsecltjlung wmnl k gcsn wks lct lnensskry fcr kt bnkst
m. Anfcrn kttniptjlo tc wkbh, pktjnlts wnrn kssnssng
fcr nvjgnlen cf ictcr abcehkgn cr crtmcstktje mypctnl-
sjcl.
Tcstcpnrktjvn Tkjl, Ujgn Nffnets, klg Uktjsfketjcl
Kssnssinlt
Wkabn
1.
Gjkolcstje klg Utktjstjekb
Iklukb cf
Inltkb Gjscrgnrs
GUI Jl Erjtnrjk
Qngueng kajbjty tc ikjltkjl kttnltjcl tc nxtnrlkb stjiubj (qunstjcls
iust an rnpnktng ks kttnltjcl wklgnrs) klg tc kpprcprjktnby smjft
kttnltjcl tc lnw nxtnrlkb stjiubj.
Gjscrgnrng tmjlhjlo ks jlgjektng ay rkiabjlo cr jlecmnrnlt
spnnem.
Kt bnkst twc cf tmn fcbbcwjlo.
(;)
Qngueng bnvnb cf eclsejcuslnss, n o., gjffjeubty hnnpjlo
(1) Tnrenptukb gjsturaklen. ijsjltnrprntktjcls, jbbusjcls, cr
(5) Gjsturaklen cf sbnnp-wkhn eyebn wjtm jlsciljk cr gkytjin
(7)
Gjscrjnltktjcl tc tjin, pbken, cr pnrscl.
kwkhn gurjlo nxkijlktjcl.
mkbbuejlktjcls.
sbnnpjlnss
Wc qukltjfy tmn jltnlsjty cf pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl, tmn
pktjnlts wnrn kshng tc usn k ;44-iivjsukb klkbco sekbn
VKs)orkgn frci
(>)
Jlernksng cr gnernksng psyemcictcr ketjvjty.
(6) Inicry jipkjrninlt, n.o., jlkajbjty tc bnkrl lnw iktnrjkb,
pkst nvnlts, cr lkins cf ulrnbktng ca`nets.
ii lc pkjl) tc bcc
ii
tmn
Ebjljekb fnkturns gnvnbcG cvnr k smcrt Gnrjcg cf tjin (mcurs tc
pcssjabn pkjl). VKU secrns wnrn rnecrgng kt rnst klg
gkys) klg trnlg tc fbuetuktn cvnr tmn ecursn cf k gky.
kftnr ecuomjlo kt
=
KI, ;1KI, klg = TI gkjby. Wc cptjijzn
klkbonsjk wmjbn ijljijzjlo sngktjcl klg mnicgylkije
jlstkajbjty, tmn pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng snttjlo ecubg an furtmnr
kg ustng gurjlo tmn twjen-gkjby vjsjts cf tmn pmysjejkls.
Lursns kbsc rnenjvng nxtnlsjvn trkjljlo rnokrgjlo tmn
stugjng tnemljquns. Jltrkvnlcus 1 o prcpkentkicb cr
;44
io hntcprcfnln wnrn jlfusng cl rnqunst wmnl pkjl
rnbjnf wks jlkgnquktn _KU secrn
pcstcpnrktjvn gkys.
Tcstcpnrktjvn Gnbjrjui klg Okstrcjltnstjlkb
Kssnssinlt
Tktjnlts wnrn kssnssng ay kl nxpnrjnleng pmysjejkl
lct jlvcbvng jl tmn pktjnlts ekrn usjlo KIW (tkabn ;)
klg erjtnrjk cf pcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui jl tmn Gjkolcstje
klg Utktjstjekb Iklukb cf Inltkb Gjscrgnrs (GUI
;;;8
tkabn
1)b tmn gky anfcrn suronry, twjen k gky gurjlo tmn fjrst
pcstcpnrktjvn gkys, klg nvnry gky ultjb gjsemkron.
Njtmnr
(;)
cr
(1)
(;)
Nvjgnlen frci mjstcry, pmysjekb nxkijlktjcl, cr bkacrktcry
tnsts cf k spnejfje croklje fketcr `ugong tc an ntjcbcojekbby
rnbktng tc tmn gjsturaklen.
(1) Jl tmn kasnlen cf suem nvjgnlen, kl ntjcbcoje fketcr ekl an
prnsuing jf tmn gjsturaklen ekllct an keecultng fcr ay kly
lclcroklje inltkb gjscrgnr.
Gjkolcsjs cf pcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui rnqujrng fubfjbbinlt
cf GUI J;; iklukb erjtnrjk klg k gnernksn jl tmn
KIW
secrn cf 1 cr icrn pcjlts.
Tktjnlts wnrn kssnssng fcr rnturl cf okstrcjltnstjlkb
fuletjcl twc tjins k gky ay k pmysjejkl wmc systniktj-
ekbby qunstjclng tmn pktjnlts klg eclsubtng lursn casnr-
vktjcls ultjb tmn rnturl cf fbktus, fnens, klg nktjlo wjtm-
cut lkusnk.
Qnspjrktcry, Mnicgylkije, klg Ictcr Abcehkon
Kssnssinlts
ebjljekb nxkijlktjcl wks pnrfcring tmn gky anfcrn
suronry klg nkem icrljlo cf tmn fjrst
?
pcstcpnrktjvn
gkys fcr nkem pktjnlt. Ebjljekb pubiclkry ecipbjektjcls
wnrn orkgng ks gnserjang ay @kyr nt gj 0cuom 9 ;8
purubnlt sputui
9
18 rclemj 9 58 bcekbjzng eclscbjgk-
tjcl cl pmysjekb nxkijlktjcl 9
18
fnvnr
9
; .
K
secrn
ornktnr tmkl cr nqukb tc
5
cl 1 eclsneutjvn gkys wks
gnfjlng ks k ebjljekb ecipbjektjcl, wmjem wks ebkssjfjng
ks k ijlcrecipbjektjcl wmnl rnscbvng spcltklncusby,
k icgnrktn ecipbjektjcl wmnl trnktinlt fcr rnscbu-
tjcl wks lnensskry, klg k snvnrn ecipbjektjcl wmnl
sjoljfjeklt jltnrvnltjcl, suem ks inemkljekb vnltjbktjcl
cr jltnlsjvn ekrn, wks lnensskry. Emnst rkgjcorkpms, ca-
tkjlng prncpnrktjvnby klg cl tmn fjrst, tmjrg, klg fjftm
pcstcpnrktjvn gkys, wnrn jltnrprntng kt tmn nlg
cf
tmn
Klnstmnsjcbcoy, V :1, L c 1, Fna 1444
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756
IKLL NW KB.
stugy ay tmn skin rkgjcbcojst wmc wks lct kwkrn cf tmn
pktjnlts ebjljekb stktus. Qkgjcorkpmje emnst kalcrikbj-
tjns wnrn ebkssjfjng jltc twc orcups0 snoinltkb ktnbnetk-
sjs, cr bkron jlfjbtrktns, klg pbnurkb
Cxyonl skturktjcl (Upk,), krtnrjkb abccg prnssurn, klg
mnkrt rktn wnrn rnecrgng nvnry > ijl jltrkcpnrktjvnby,
nvnry 14 ijl gurjlo nkrby rnecvnry, klg, tmnrnkftnr,
nvnry
1
m fcr > gkys. _mnl systcbje krtnrjkb abccg prns-
surn gnernksng tc bnss tmkl :4 iiMo, tmn pktjnlt fjrst
rnenjvng
>44
ib mygrcxyntmybstkrem, klg, jf tmkt gjg lct
ecrrnet tmn mypctnlsjcl, tmn pktjnlt rnenjvng jlerninl-
tkb 5-io gcsns cf npmngrjln.
Ictcr fuletjcl cf tmn bcwnr bjias wks kssnssng gkjby
ay tmn pktjnlts kajbjty tc fbnx tmn hlnns klg klhbns.
Ictcr abcehkgn wks nvkbuktng jl tnris cf k icgjfjng
fcur-orkgn Arcikon sekbn*0 4
9
lc pkrkbysjs8
;
9
jlkajb-
jty tc jlernksn nxtnlgng bno (`ust kabn tc icvn hlnn klg
fnnt)8
1 9
jlkajbjty tc fbnx hlnn (kabn tc icvn fnnt cr fjrst
gjojt clby)8
5 9
jlkajbjty tc icvn kly `cjlt jl bnos.
Utktjstjekb Klkbysjs
Aksng cl rntrcspnetjvn gktk frci cur jlstjtutjcl jl tmn
skin surojekb pcpubktjcl, k pcwnr klkbysjs wks pnr-
fcring usjlo pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl gurjlo ecuom ks tmn
prjikry cutecin vkrjkabn. _n ekbeubktng k skipbn sjzn
sc tmkt k antwnnl-orcup inkl gjffnrnlen jl
VKU
cf 14
ii, wjtm rngueng pkjl secrns jl tmn TENK orcup, wcubg
pnrijt k typn ; nrrcr rktn cf cln-tkjbng k 9
4.4>
klg,
wjtm tmn kbtnrlktn mypctmnsjs, tmn lubb mypctmnsjs wcubg
an rntkjlng wjtm k typn nrrcr cf
9 4.14.
Wmjs klkbysjs
jlgjektns tmkt k skipbn sjzn
cf 5;
pktjnlts/orcup wks
lnensskry.
Ecltjlucus vkrjkabns krn prnsnltng ks tmn inkl UG
cr ingjkl (twnlty-fjftm tc snvnlty-fjftm pnrenltjbn) wmnl
gktk wnrn lct lcrikbby gjstrjautng, klg ektnocrje vkrj-
kabns krn prnsnltng ks frnqunlejns (pnrenltkon cf pk-
tjnlts).
Trncpnrktjvn pktjnlt emkrketnrjstjes, jltrkcpnrktjvn,
klg pcstcpnrktjvn gktk jl tmn twc orcups wnrn eci-
pkrng usjlo tmn emj-squkrn tnst fcr ektnocrje vkrjkabns
klg tmn _jbecxcl rklh sui tnst fcr ecltjlucus vkrj-
kabns.
Tcstcpnrktjvn kssnssinlt fcr kbb vkrjkabns inksurng
cvnr tjin wnrn nvkbuktng usjlo rnpnktng-inksurns klkb-
ysjs (tmn Frjngikl twc-wky lclpkrkintrje klkbysjs cf
vkrjklen) usjlo Utktjstjekb Klkbysjs Ucftwkrn (UKU Jlstj-
tutn Jle., Ekry, LE). Utktjstjekb sjoljfjeklen wks jlfnrrng
fcr T 4.4>.
Wkabn
5.
Ecipkrjscl
cf
tmn Wwc Wrnktinlt Orcups fcr
Trncpnrktjvn Fketcrs
Kon (Zr)
_njomt (ho)
Unx
Gjsnksns
Emrclje castruetjvn
pubiclkry gjsnksn
Ecrclkry krtnry gjsnksn
Gjkantns
Mypnrtnlsjcl
Gnprnssjcl
TEK Orcup
(l 9 5>)
?6.= 7.?
6:.5
-E
;>.>
;?F/;=I
7(;;%)
1 (6%)
6 (; ?%)
;1 (57%)
> (;7%)
TENK Orcup
(l
9
5>)
?6.; 1 >.6
66.> 1
;7.1
;>F/14I
5 (:%)
> (;>%)
5 (:%)
6 (;?%)
;7
(74%)
Vkbuns krn inkl
UG
cr ingjkl (twnlty-fj ftm pnrenltjbn tc snvnlty-fjftm
pnrenltjbn) cr ketukb luianrs
ZC).
TEK 9 pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng klkbonsjk8 TENK
9
pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng npjgurkbkl-
kbonsjk.
Qnsubts
K tctkb cf ;4= nbgnrby pktjnlts ulgnrwnlt semngubng
ik`cr kagcijlkb suronry kt tmn Enltrn Mcspjtkbjnr ^lj-
vnrsjtkjrn Icltpnbbjnr cvnr k pnrjcg cf ;= icltms.
Kiclo tmni,
5=
(5>%) wnrn lct jlebugng jl tmn stugy
anekusn cf pktjnlt rnfuskb ( 7 pktjnlts X7 Y) , r snvnrn
ekrgjcpubiclkry gysfuletjcl cr KIW secrn 2
= 16
pktjnlts
X17 Y),
lnurcbcoje gysfuletjcl
(1
pktjnlts
X1 Y),
cr ctmnr rnkscls
(6
pktjnlts
X6%Y).
Unvnlty
pk-
tjnlts wnrn kssjolng rklgciby tc cln cf tmn twc orcups.
Ujx pktjnlts gjg lct ecipbntn tmn pcstcpnrktjvn stugy
klg wnrn nxebugng frci pcstcpnrktjvn gktk klkbysjs an-
ekusn cf kasnlen cf surojekb rnsnetjcl (twc jl nkem
orcup) cr rnfuskb tc usn tmn pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng gnvjen
wjtm rnqujrninlt cf eclvnltjclkb klkbonsjk (twc jl tmn
TENK orcup klg lcln jl tmn TEK orcup).
Wmn twc orcups cf pktjnlts wnrn sjijbkr wjtm rnspnet
tc wnjomt, kon, snx, prncpnrktjvn gjsnksns (tkabn 5), klg
KIW klg Kinrjekl Ucejnty cf Klnstmnsjcbcojsts secrns.
Gurjlo suronry, lc gjffnrnlen wks casnrvng jl jltrkvn-
lcus fbujg rnqujrninlts cr tmn gurktjcl klg typn cf
suronry (tkabn
7).
Tktjnlts jl tmn TENK orcup rnenjvng
bnss jscfburkln
(T
9
4.444;)
klg jltrkvnlcus sufnltkljb
(T
9
4.444;) aut rnqujrng sjoljfjekltby
(T
9
4.444;)
icrn npmngrjln tmkl pktjnlts jl tmn TEK orcup (tkabn
78
T 9 4.444;). Kt tmn nlg cf tmn suronry, acgy tnipnrk-
turn klg gurktjcl cf pcstcpnrktjvn inemkljekb vnltjbk-
tjcl wnrn sjijbkr jl actm orcups, aut nxtuaktjcl tjin
ceeurrng sjoljfjekltby nkrbjnr jl tmn TENK orcup tmkl jl
tmn TEK orcup (tkabn 78
T
9 4.4;>).
Gurktjcl cf TEK wks ecipkrkabn antwnnl tmn TEK
orcup klg tmn TENK orcup (?4 14 m klg ?: 3 11 m,
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,
V
:1 , Lu 1, Fna 1444
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TKWJNLW-ECLWQCBBNG KLKBONUJK KLG NBGNQBZ TKWJNLWU
Wkabn 7. Ecipkrjscl cf tmn
Wwc
Wrnktinlt Orcups gurjlo
Klnstmnsjk
Wkabn >. Tcstcpnrktjvn Tktjnlt-ecltrcbbng Klkbonsje
Eclsuiptjcl jl tmn
Wwc
Orcups
Uuronry
Ecbnetcrly
Okstrnetcrly
Enpmkbje
pklernktnetcrly
Kasnlen cf rnsnetjcl
Gurktjcl cf suronry (rljl)
Inkl jscfburkln (%)
Jltrkvnlcus sufnltkljb
Erystkbbcjgs
(J)
mygrcxy ntmyb stkrem (J)
Abccg trklsfusjcl (J)
Abccg
bcss
(J)
Jlejgnlen cf systcbje
( gho)
mypctnlsjcl
(2
:4
irlMo)
Gurktjcl cf systcbje
mypctnlsjcl (rljl)
Jltrkvnlcus npmngrjln
(io)
Wnipnrkturn kt tmn nlg
cf suronry (E)
Tcstcpnrktjvn nxtuaktjcl
tjin (rljl)
Gurktjcl cf pcstcpnrktjvn
inemkljekb
vnltjbktjcl (rljl)
TEK Orcup
(l
9
5>)
16 (?7%)
1 (6%)
> (;7%)
1 (6%)
4.= (4.=-;)
171 (; ?1-1:>)
;.? (;.5-1.1)
> (7-6)
4.> (4-;)
4 4-4)
4 4-4)
1; (64%)
> (4-14)
4
4-4)
5>.= 4.?
64 (51-:4)
1? (; 4-6>)
TENK Orcup
(l
9
5>)
14 (>?%)
? (14%)
6 (; ?%)
1 (6%)
154 (;=4-54>)
4.> (4.7-4.6)*
4.5 (4.5-4.7)*
>
(7-6)
;
C
(4.>-; .C)
4
4-4)
4 4-4)
16 (?7%)
;> (>-54)
;1 (6-56)*
5?
3
4.?
54 (; ?->?)*
1? (;1-7>)
Vkbuns krn inkl
t
UG cr ingjkl (twnlty-fjftm pnrenltjbn-snvnlty-fjftm pnr-
enltjbn) cr ketukb luianrs ZC).
2 4.4> antwnnl tmn twc trnktinlt orcups
rnspnetjvnby). Wmn gkjby luianr cf acbusns wks sjijbkr jl
actm orcups. Tcstcpnrktjvn pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng klkbonsje
eclsuiptjcl js gjspbkyng jl tkabn >. TENK prcvjgng
sjoljfjekltby anttnr pkjl rnbjnf tmkl gjg TEK kt rnst T9
4.44;) klg kftnr ecuomjlo T9
4.441),
rnokrgbnss cf tmn
orcup gurjlo tmn
>
pcstcpnrktjvn gkys (fjos. ; klg 1 ) .
Wmn sktjsfketjcl secrns wnrn sjoljfjekltby ornktnr jl tmn
TENK
orcup tmkl jl tmn TEK orcup (tkabn
68
T 9
4.4;1).
Cl
tmn fjrst pcstcpnrktjvn gky, fnwnr pktjnlts rnqujrng
jltrkvnlcus kgijljstrktjcl cf hntcprcfnln jl tmn TENK
orcup tmkl jl tmn TEK orcup (tkabn
? 8
T
9
4.44;).
Trncpnrktjvn Km7W secrns wnrn ecipkrkabn antwnnl
tmn twc orcups. Tcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui gnvnbcpng jl ;6
(1> )
pktjnlts, wjtm k inkl gurktjcl cf npjscgns cf
?5
5; m. Wmn frnqunley cf pcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui wks sji-
jbkr
jl tmn TEK orcup klg tmn TENK orcup0
=
pktjnlts
(17 )
klg
=
pktjnlts
(16 ),
rnspnetjvnby. Wmn pktjnlts
wjtm gnbjrjui mkg lnjtmnr gjffnrnlt pkjl secrns lcr gjf-
fnrnlt klkbonsje eclsuiptjcl tmkl tmcsn wjtmcut gnbjr-
Jltrkvnlcus
Icrpmjln
Uubfktn (io/gky)
Tcstcpnrktjvn
Gky TEK Orcup
Npjgurkb
Aupjvkekjln
(io/gky)
Npjgurkb Uufnltkljb
(ggky)
TENK Orcup TENK Orcup
; 1> (17-77)
1 ;: (=-51)
5 ;4 (4-1;)
7 4 4-4)
> 4 4-4)
;6: (;>4-156)
;>=
(;
14-1;
6)
;1? (:7-; >5)
>4 (4-; 14)
4 4-4)
6= (>?-:7.>)
65 (7=-=?)
>; (5?-6;)
14 (4-7=)
4 4-4)
Vkbuns krn ingjkl (twnlty-fjftm pnrenltjbn-snvnlty-fjftm pnrenltjbn).
jui. Gurjlo tmn npjscgns cf gnbjrjui, TEK wks lct
gjsecltjlung. KIW secrns wnrn bcwnr jl tmn TEK orcup
cl t mn fcurtm klg fjftm pcstcpnrktjvn gkys (tkabn
=8
T
9
4.45).
Fcur pktjnlts (tmrnn jl tmn TEK orcup klg cln jl
tmn TENK orcup) rnqujrng mkbcpnrjgeb tc trnkt pcstcpnr-
ktjvn gnbjrjui wjtm kojtktjcl.
Wmn fjrst fnens T
9 4.44>)
klg crkb jltkhn wjtmcut
lkusnk T9 4.4;:) ceeurrng sjoljfjekltby icrn qujehby
jl tmn TENK orcup tmkl jl tmn TEK orcup (tkabn
6).
Gkjby
cxyonlktjcl vkbuns up tc tmn fjftm pcstcpnrktjvn gky klg
tmn luianr cf ijlcr ksyiptciktje mypcxjk npjscgns
gntnetng ay pubsn cxjintry wnrn lct sjoljfjekltby gjffnr-
nlt antwnnl tmn tw c orcups. L c pktjnlt rnqujrng kgijl-
jstrktjcl cf lkbcxcln. Wmrnn pktjnlts jl tmn TEK orcup
klg twc jl tmn TENK orcup mkg
kt
bnkst cln npjscgn cf
UpC1 ntwnnl
:4
klg
:>%.
Cln pktjnlt jl actm orcups
?4
6c4 7
1
;4
4
N x t n rl k
n i
k
n
i k n i k
n
i k
n
TCG4
TCG; TCG1 TCG5 TCG7
TCG>
Wjin
Fjo. ;. Fcr pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl jltnlsjty
vjsukb
klkbco sekbn) kt
rnst, pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng pjgurkb klkbonsjk TENK) prcvjgng sjo-
ljfjekltby anttnr pkjl rnbjnf tmkl gjg pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng klkbon-
sjk TEK8ay rnpnktng-inksurns klkbysjs cf vkrjklen8T
9
4.44;).
Vkbuns krn tmn inkl UG.
*T
2 4.4> ecipkrng wjtm TEK _jb-
ecxcl rklh sui tnst). k 9 kftnrlccl8 n 9 nvnljlo0 nxt 9 nxtu-
aktjcl8 i
9
icrljlo8
TCG
9 pcstcpnrktjvn gky.
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,V :1, L c
1 ,
Fna 1444
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6/9
75=
IKLL NW KB.
= 4 ; W *
N x t n rl k n i k
n rl k
n
rl
k n rl
k
n
TCG4 TCG;
TCG1
TCG5 TCG7 TCG>
Wjin
Fjo. 1. Fcr pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl jltnlsjty vjsukb klkbco sekbn)
gurjlo ecuom pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng pjgurkb klkbonsjk
TENK)
prc-
vjgng sjoljfjekltbyanttnr pkjl rnbjnf tmkl gjg pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng
klkbonsjk
(TEK8
ay rnpnktng-inksurns klkbysjs cf vkrjklen8T 9
4.441). Vkbuns krn tmn inkl UG.
*
T
2 4.4>
ecipkrng wjtm
TEK
_jbecxcl rklh sui tnst). k 9 kftnrlccl8 n 9 nvnljlo8 nxt 9
nxtuaktjcl8 i 9 icrljlo8 TCG
9
pcstcpnrktjvn gky.
mkg kt bnkst cln npjscgn cf UpC1 ntwnnl => klg :4%.
Wmn twc orcups mkg sjijbkr ebjljekb klg rkgjcbcoje ka-
lcrikbjty rktns (tkabn
6).
Wmn frnqunley klg typn
cf
ik`cr klg icgnrktn pubiclkry ecipbjektjcls wnrn lct
sjoljfjekltby gjffnrnlt antwnnl orcups (tkabn 6). Wwc
sua`nets nxpnrjnleng ktnbnetksjs, plnuicljk, klg my-
pcvnltjbktjcl klg rnqujrng jltnlsjvn tmnrkpy wjtm arcl-
emcsecpy, aut lct inemkljekb vnltjbktjcl.
Fjvn npjscgns cf pcstcpnrktjvn mypctnlsjcl ceeurrng
jl tmn TENK orcup vnrsus lcln jl tmn TEK orcup (T 9
4.4;). Wmn pktjnlts wnrn trnktng ay sjipbn fbujg bckgjlo.
Lc
snvnrn mypctnlsjcl (ijljiui systcbje prnssurn 9 ?=
iiMo) wks rnecrgng jl njtmnr orcup (tkabn 6 . L c ic-
tcr abcehkgn ceeurrng jl njtmnr orcup. Uuaeutklncus
kasenss cr lnurcbcoje ecipbjektjcls rnbktng tc tmn npj-
gurkb ektmntnr gjg lct gnvnbcp jl kly pktjnlt. Cln pk-
tjnlt jl nkem orcup nxpnrjnleng prurjtus. Wmn jlejgnlen
cf klkstcicsjs bnkh klg urjlkry snpsjs klg tmn gurktjcl
cf mcspjtkb stky wnrn sjijbkr jl actm orcups (tkabn 6).
Gjseussjcl
Wmn ikjl fjlgjlo cf tmjs stugy js tmkt jl nbgnrby pk-
tjnlts,
TEK
tnemljquns usjlo njtmnr jltrkvnlcus cr npj-
gurkb rcutns prcvjgn nffnetjvn iklkoninlt cf pcstcpnr-
ktjvn pkjl. Mcwnvnr, tmn npjgurkb rcutn wjtm k
eciajlktjcl cf bcekb klnstmntjes klg k bjpcscbuabn cpjcjg
rnsubtng jl anttnr pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl rnbjnf kt rnst klg
gurjlo ecuom wjtmcut jlernksjlo ecipbjektjcls eci-
pkrng wjtm tmn jltrkvnlcus rcutn. Jiprcvng inltkb stk-
tus klg k qujehnr okstrcjltnstjlkb rnecvnry kbsc wnrn
casnrvng wjtm TENK.
Jl tmn nbgnrby pktjnlt, ijsiklkojlo pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng
tnemljquns ekl an rnbktng tc vkrjcus fketcrs, suem
ks
ekrgjcrnspjrktcry gnfjejnlejns cr gjffjeubtjns jl mklgbjlo
cr bnkrljlo tc usn tmn gnvjen. Wmnrnfcrn, jt mks annl
suoonstng tmkt jl tmn nbgnrby pktjnlt, ebcsn casnrvktjcl
klg frnqunlt gcsn tjtrktjcl krn lnngng tc usn jltrkvn-
lcus
TEK.
Jl ecltrkst, jl cur mnkbtmy nbgnrby pktjnlts,
kg`ustinlt cf pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng snttjlo rkrnby wks lne-
nsskry. Jl tmn
TEK
orcup, tmn jljtjkb snttjlo wks lct
icgjfjng anekusn lc sjol cf cvnrgcsjlo wks gntnetng. l
tmn
TENK
orcup, clby fjvn (;6%) pktjnlts rnqujrng k
emklon jl tmn jljtjkb acbus gcsn cr akehorculg
jlfusjcl
tc kgkpt tc snlscry bnvnb cr ijljijzn mnicgylkije
gjsturaklens.
Bnkrljlo klg keenptklen
cf
tmn pktjnlt-ecltrcbbngecl-
Wkabn 6. Tcstcpnrktjvn Cutecin, Ujgn Nffnets, Mcspjtkb Utky,
klg Tktjnlt Uktjsfketjcl Uecrns jl tmn Wwc Orcups
TEK Orcup TENK Orcup
l
9 55)
Jl 9 5;)
Fbktus (m)
Fnens (m)
Gurktjcl cf
Crkb lutrjtjcl wjtmcut
Gnkiaubktjcl (m)
Lkusnk, vcijtjlo
Uystcbje mypctnlsjcl
(2 : 4 ii Mo)
Ukturktjcl
2 :>%
Tcstcpnrktjvn
gnbjrjui
Klkstcicsjs bnkh
Unoinltkb cr bcakr
ktnbnetksjs
Icgnrktn pubiclkry
ecipbjektjcls
Ik`cr pubiclkry
ecipbjektjcls
^rjlkry snpsjs
Gurktjcl cf mcspjtkb
stky (gkys)
Tktjnlt sktjsfketjcl
secrn (Lc. cf
pktjnlts wjtm
secrns cf 4;; ;1;5)
lkscokstrje tuan (m)
lkusnk (m)
?1 (7=-:6)
; ;> (:4-; 77)
>= (5=-?1)
;=1 (; 74-174)
:= (=7-; 77)
;4 (54%)
4 (4%)
> (;>%)
5 (:%)
=
(17%)
6 (;=%)
1 (6%)
; ( 5 % )
> (;>%)
;
;.> (=-; 6% )
4;5;; :;; ;
?4 (56-?1)
=4 (64-;14)
6; (7:-?5)
;7 1 (; 14-;
67)
: = (?1-;14)
;4 (51%)
> (; 6%)*
5 (;4%)
;(5%)
=
(16%)
?
(15%)
5 (; 4% )
;(5%)
; (5%)
;4.> (=.>-;>%)
4/;/:/1;*
Vkbuns krn ingjkl (twnlty- fjftm pnrenltjbn-snvnlty-fjftm pnrenltjbn)
cr ketukb
luianrs
(%).
Tktjnlt sktjsfketjcl secrns ks fcbbcws0 ljb
9 48 ijbg
9 ;8occg 9 18 nxenbbnlt9
l
@
*
T 2
4.4>
antwnnl tmn twc trnktinlt orcups.
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,V
:1,
Lc
1, Fna 1444
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TKWJNLW-ECLWQCBBNG KLKBONUJK KLG NBGNQBZ TKWJNLWU
Wkabn ?. Tcstcpnrktjvn Klkbonsje Qnseun Eclsuiptjcls jl tmn
Wwc
Orcups
Lc.cf Tktjnlts Mkvjlo
Qnenjvng Trcpkentkicb
Jltrkvnlcus
Lc.cf Tktjnlts Mkvjlo
Qnenjvng Hntcprcfnln
Jltrkvnlcus
TEK Orcup TENK Orcup
Tcstcpnrktjvn
Gky Lc.
(%)
Lc.
(%)
; ;= (>7) ;;
(5>)
1 ;= (>7) ;> (7=)
5 ;:
(>=)
;?
(>>)
7 ;> (7>) ;?
(>>)
>
;1 (56) ;4 (51)
TEK Orcup
TONK Orcup
Vkbuns krn ketukb luianrs (%).
* T 2 4.4> anntwnnl tmn twc orcups.
TEK 9 pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng klkbonsjk8 TENK 9 pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng npjgurkb kl-
kbonsjk.
enpt cavjcusby lnenssjtktns k suffjejnlt prncpnrktjvn
inltkb stktus. Jl kggjtjcl, prncpnrktjvn eclfusjcl iky
an nxkoonrktng kftnr surojekb prcengurn jl pktjnlts wjtm
prnnxjstnlt ecoljtjvn gysfuletjcl,' wmjem iky rnsubt jl
k
prcakabn ijsusn cf tmn pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng gnvjen. Mcw-
nvnr, tmn
usn
cf tmjs tnemljqun wks lct prnebugng jf
trklsjnlt ijlcr kbtnrktjcls jl pktjnlt inltkb stktus ce-
eurrng. Wmn eurrnlt stugy smcwng
k 1>
jlejgnlen cf
pcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui.
K
rnenlt iubtjenltnr stugy tmkt
rnerujtng up tc 64 nbgnrby pktjnlts ulgnrocjlo ik`cr
suronry rnpcrtng
k
ebcsnby ecipkrkabn jlejgnlen cf gn-
bjrjui
klg jgnltjfjng clby kon ks
k
prngjetcr cf gnfjejt
(klg lct mypcxjk, mypctnlsjcl, cr actm). b > Trncpnrktjvn
pktjnlt snbnetjcl usjlo KIW secrns kbbcwng us tc jgnltjfy
tmcsn wjtm prnnxjstjlo ecoljtjvn jipkjrinlt, wmc wnrn
suasnqunltby lct nlrcbbng jl tmn stugy. Wmjs wcubg prca-
kaby nxpbkjl wmy clby 5 cf tmn snbnetng pktjnlts rn-
fusng tmn pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng gnvjen klg rnqujrng eclvnl-
tjclkb klkbonsjk. Icrncvnr, tmn pktjnlts wjtm ecoljtjvn
jipkjrinlt rnqujrng lc pkrtjeubkr survnjbbklen wjtm rn-
okrg tc pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl trnktinlt. Wmjs mjom gnornn
cf keenptklen nlecurkons us tc rneciinlg tmn rcutjln
pnrjcpnrktjvn usn cf
KIW
wjtm kl nffnetjvn strktnoy tc
tkhn ekrn cf pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl jl tmn nbgnrby pktjnlt,
nspnejkbby
jf
k
pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng tnemljqun js usng.
Ks
jl prnvjcus st ~g jn s ,~ , ~ ~ 'n fkjbng tc smcw kly
gjffnrnlen jl jlejgnlen cf gnbjrjui, rnokrgbnss cf tmn
rcutn cf pcstcpnrktjvn klkbonsjk. Wc ulgnrstklg tmjs, tmn
emcjen cf sufnltkljb,
k
mjomby bjpjg scbuabn cpjcjg, fcr
TENK
iust an tkhnl jltc keecult. Anekusn npjgurkb
sufnltkljb iky mkvn k ikrhng systnije nffnet,;=
k
pctnl-
tjkb rnguetjcl jl pcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui ay tryjlo tc
prnvnlt tmn systnije nffnet cf cpjcjgs iky lct an prn-
vnltng ay usjlo tmn npjgurkb rcutn. Mcwnvnr, jl tmn
TENK orcup, wn casnrvng frci tmn fcurtm pcstcpnrktjvn
gky
k
icrn rkpjg rnecvnry cf inltkb stktus kssnssng ay
KIW secrn. Wmjs jlgjektns,
ks
suoonstng ay prnvjcus
tmkt tmn qukbjty cf pcstcpnrktjvn klkbonsjk js
prcakaby cf icrn jipcrtklen tmkl js tmn rcutn cf kgijl-
jstrktjcl cr tmn eclsuiptjcl cf cpjcjgs jl tmn prnsnrvk-
tjcl cf ecoljtjvn fuletjcl.
Wmn anttnr klkbonsje nffnetjvnlnss wjtm rnspnet tc bcw
jlejgnlen cf sjgn nffnets ecubg prcakaby nxpbkjl tmn
supnrjcrjty
cf TENK
tnemljquns,
ks
pcjltng cut ay tmn
mjomnr pktjnlt sktjsfketjcl secrns. Jl kggjtjcl, jt js ji-
pcrtklt tc nipmksjzn tmkt tmn TENK rnojinl wks clby
pkrtby pktjnlt ecltrcbbng klg cffnrs tmn pcssjajbjty cf
snttjlo
k
akehorculg jlfusjcl. Fjrst, tmjs
js
pkrtjeubkrby
usnfub jl eclfusng cr lct ynt tctkbby kwkhn pktjnlts wmc
ekllct mklgbn tmn gnvjen. Uneclg, akehorculg jlfusjcl
jiprcvns klkbonsjk kemjnvng ay TENK wjtmcut furtmnr
sjgn nffnets.b: Jl ecltrkst, ecltjlucus jlfusjcl smcubg an
kvcjgng ay tmn jltrkvnlcus rcutn anekusn tmjs wcubg
inkl kl jlernksng rjsh cf rnspjrktcry gnprnssjcl, nvnl kt
k bcw gcsn1' Wmjrg, jt js jipcrtklt tc eclsjgnr tmkt cbgnr
pktjnlts prnfnr tc mkvn klkbonsjes kgijljstnrng ay mcs-
pjtkb stkff, rktmnr tmkl ay snbf-kgijljstrktjcl.1;Wkhnl
tcontmnr, tmnsn eclsjgnrktjcls ecubg ulgcuatngby fkvcr
tmn TENK tnemljqun.
Gnbkyng pcstcpnrktjvn rnecvnry cf okstrcjltnstjlkb
fuletjcls kftnr kagcijlkb suronry mks annl rnbktng tc
surojekb acwnb klkstcicsjs,11prcbclong pbkeninlt
cf
k
lkscokstrje tuan,15 klg usn cf jlmkbng
klnstmntje\ \
cr
pkrnltng ~pjcjgs . '~l ecltrkst, tmcrkeje npjgurkb klkb-
onsjk wjtm bcekb klnstmntjes, wmntmnr ksscejktng wjtm
Wkabn
=. KIW
Uecrns Lc.
cf
Tktjnlts wjtm Uecrns
cf
=/:/;4)
TEK TENK
Trncpnrktjvn
Tcstcpnrktjvn Gkys
4
TI
; KI
TI
1 KI
TI
5 KI
TI
7 KI
TI
> KI
TI
1;; >;;
=
;;;;1;;4
;1;;4/;;
;4/:/;7
?;; 5;;5
6;; 1;;
>
6;;
5;; 7
>/;;/;?
5;; 4;14
6/:/;=
>;; 5;;>
=;; 4;; >
; ;7/14
:;; ;;; ;
?;; ;;;5
?;6;; =
>/6/14
7/?/1;
6/>/14
;/>/1>*
5/>/15
5/?/1;
; ?/15*
7
*
T
2
4.4> antwnnl tmn twc trnktinlt orcups.
TEK 9 pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng klkbonsjk8 TENK 9 pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng npjgurkb kl-
kbonsjk.
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,V :1, Lc
1 ,
Fna
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IKLL NW KB.
cpjcjgs, iky jiprcvn acwnb ketjvjty jl ecipkrjscl wjtm
pkrnltnrkb klkbonsjk. Tktjnlts jl tmn TEK orcup rnenjvng
sjoljfjekltby icrn jltrkcpnrktjvn jltrkvnlcus cpjcjgs
klg jscfburkln. Wmnrnfcrn, jt wks lct surprjsjlo tmkt, jl
tmn TEK orcup, fjrst fnens klg crkb jltkhn wnrn gnbkyng
ks ecipkrng wjtm tmn TENK orcup. Mcwnvnr, tmn tjin tc
tmn fjrst pksskon cf fbktus wks lct sjoljfjekltby gjffnrnlt
antwnnl tmn twc orcups. Jl tmn TEK orcup, tmn ornktnr
eclsuiptjcl cf hntcprcfnln, k lclstnrcjgkb kltjjlfbki-
iktcry konlt tmkt keenbnrktns tmn rktn cf rnecvnry cf
okstrcjltnstjlkb fuletjcl,16 ecubg prcakaby nxpbkjl tmjs
fket. Jltnrnstjloby, stugjns jl wmjem tmn npjgurkb ektmntnr
wks bcektng kt cr anbcw W;1 cr jl wmjem tmn gurktjcl
cf
npjgurkb klkbonsjk bkstng lc icrn tmkl 17 m1?-1: kvn lct
fculg kly kgvkltkon fcr npjgurkb klkbonsjk wjtm rnokrg
tc rnecvnry cf acwnb fuletjcl. Wmnrnfcrn,
wn
tcch ekrn
tc kbwkys pcsjtjcl tmn ektmntnr kt tmn tmcrkeje bnvnb klg
tc prcvjgn kl nffnetjvn tmcrkeje snlscry abcehkgn. Fcur
pktjnlts (>.: ) nxpnrjnleng klkstcicsjs bnkh0 tmrnn jl
tmn TEK orcup klg cln jl tmn TENK orcup. ^lnxpnet-
ngby, tmjs jlejgnlen wks suastkltjkbby bcwnr tmkl jl icst
prnvjcus stugjns jl yculonr pktjnlts tmkt rnpcrtng k
rklon cf ?-15 .-
Wmn jlejgnlen cf pubiclkry ecipbjektjcls jl tmjs
stugy wks sjijbkr tc tmkt jl ctmnr stugjns tmkt jlebugng
yculonr pktjnlts ulgnrocjlo tmn skin typn cf sur-
onry. Wmn emcjen cf tmn klkbonsje tnemljqun gjg lct
snni tc jlfbunlen tmn jlejgnlen cf icgnrktn klg ik`cr
pubiclkry ecipbjektjcls. Ekrgjcvkseubkr emklons wnrn
wjtmcut ebjljekb jipcrtklen. Ks nxpnetng, jl tmn TENK
orcup, mnicgylkije jlstkajbjty wks icrn prclculeng
jltrkcpnrktjvnby, lnenssjtktjlo k mjomnr eclsuiptjcl cf
npmngrjln, klg pcstcpnrktjvnby, jl wmjem fjvn pktjnlts
nxpnrjnleng k icgnrktn npjscgn cf mypctnlsjcl. Mcw-
nvnr, tmn eurrnlt stugy gjg lct mkvn tmn pcwnr tc gntnet
sjoljfjeklt gjffnrnlens jl ekrgjcrnspjrktcry cutecin an-
ekusn cf tmn sikbb
luianr
cf pktjnlts.
_jtm npjgurkb klkbonsjk, tmn rjsh cf crtmcstktje mypc-
tnlsjcl klg ictcr abcehkgn cf tmn bcwnr bjias gurjlo
pcstcpnrktjvn icajbjzktjcl ecubg ecultnrket tmn anlnfjt
cf tmn keenbnrktng pcstcpnrktjvn rnecvnry.55 K snbf-kg-
`ustinlt ay tmn pktjnlt prcakaby nxpbkjls jl tmn eurrnlt
stugy tmn bkeh cf sjoljfjeklt mnicgylkije jlstkajbjty klg
ictcr abcehkgn klg, jl turl, gcns lct jltnrfnrn wjtm tmn
pcssjajbjty cf nkrbjnr wkbhjlo.
Fjlkbby, tmnrn wks lc gjffnrnlen antwnnl tmn twc
orcups cf nbgnrby pktjnlts fcr tmn gurktjcl cf tmn mcspjtkb
stky. Mcwnvnr, anekusn wn gjg lct gnfjln prnejsnby tmn
gjsemkron erjtnrjk anfcrn tmn stugy, wn ecubg lct grkw
gnfjljtn eclebusjcls.
Jl suiikry, tmn eurrnlt stugy smcwng tmkt pcstcpnr-
ktjvn TEK tnemljquns ay njtmnr tmn npjgurkb cr tmn pk-
rnltkb rcutn
js
nffnetjvn jl tmn nbgnrby pktjnlt. _mnl
ecipkrng wjtm tmn pkrnltnrkb rcutn, npjgurkb klkbonsjk
wjtm bcekb klnstmntjes klg kl cpjcjg prcvjgns anttnr pkjl
rnbjnf klg jiprcvns inltkb stktus klg acwnb ketjvjty aut
gcns lct rnguen pcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui jlejgnlen klg
ekrgjcrnspjrktcry icrajgjty. Wmjs intmcg cf pcstcpnrk-
tjvn klkbonsjk js k prcijsjlo lnw tnemljqun fcr mnkbtmy
nbgnrby pktjnlts ulgnrocjlo ik`cr kagcijlkb suronry.
Qnfnrnlens
;. Bju
UU,
Ekrpnltnr
QB,
Lnkb @I0 Npjgurgb klnstmnsjk klg klkbonsjk0
Wmnjr rcbn jl pcstcpnrktjvn cutecin. KLNUWMNUJCBCOZ::>8 = 1 0;7?7
-
>46
1 .
Noanrt KI, Tkrhs BM, Umcrt
BI,
Aurlntt IB0 Qklgcijzng trjkb cf
pcstcpnrktjvn pktjnltecltrc bbng klkbonsjk vs jltrkiuseubkr lkrectjes jl
frkjb nbgnrby inl. Krem Jltnrl Ing ;::48 ;>40;=:?-:45
5 .
Mnehnr AQ, Kbanrt B0 Tktjn ltecltrc bbng klkbonsjk0 K rklgcijzng
prcspnetjvn ecipkrjscl antwnnl twc eciinrejkbby kvkjbkabn TEK
puips klg eclvnltjclkb klkbonsje tmnrkpy fcr pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl. Tkjl
7 Acbbjsm U@, Ecbbjls EB, Hjrhjlo GI, Akrtbntt
QM0
Nffjekey cf pktjnlt.
ecltrcbbng vnrsus eclvnltjclkb klkbonsjk fcr pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl. Ebjl
Tmkri ;:=>8 77= ->1
> Gkmb @A, Qcsnlanro @, Mklsnl AB, M`crtsc LE, Hnmbnt
M0
Gjffnr-
nltjkb klkbonsje nffnets
cf
bcw-gcsn npjgurkb icrpmjln klg icrpmjln-
aupjvkekjln kt rnst klg gurjlo icajbjzktjcl kftnr ik`cr kagcijlkb
suronry. Klnstm Klgbo ;::18 ?70561->
6 . Bju UU Ekrpnltnr QB, Ikehny GE, Wmjrbay QE, Qupp
UI,
Umjln
WU@, Fnjlobkss LO, Intzonr TT, Fubinr @W, Uijtm UB0 Nffnets cf pnrjcp
nrktjvn klkbonsje tnemljqun cl rktn cf rnecvnry kftnr ecbcl suronry.
KLNUWMNUJCBCOZ
::>8 =50?>?-
6>
? . Anroornl G , Oustkfscl Z , Nrjhsscl A, Auemt O, Mklsscl Bb, Qnjz U,
_jlabkg A0 Tcstcpnrktjvn eclfusjcl kftnr klnstmnsjk jl nbgnrby pktjnlts
wjtm fnicrkb lneh frketurns. Klnstm Klkbo
;:=?8
6607:?->47
=.
Anrlstnjl OI, Cffnlakrtb UH0 Kgvnrsn surojekb cutecins kiclo
pktjnlts wjtm ecoljtjvn jipkjrinlts. Ki Uuro ;::;8 >?06=1-:4
:. Bylem NT, Bkzcr IK, Onbbjs
@N,
Crkv @ Ocbgikl
B,
Ikrekltcljc
NQ.
Wmn
jipket cf pcstcpnrktjvn pkjl cl tmn gnvnbcpinlt cf pcstcp
nrktjvn gnbjrjui. Klnstm Klkbo ;::=8 =60?=;->
;4. @jtkpulhub
U,
Tjbbky
J,
Narkmji
U0
Wmn kaarnvjktng inltkb tnst0 Jts
usn klg vkbjgjty. Kon Konjlo ;::;8 140551-6
;
;.
Kinrjekl Tsyemjktrje Ksscejktjcl, Eciijtnn cl Lcinlebkturn.
Utktjstjes0 Gjkolcstje klg Utktjstjekb Iklukb
cf
Inltkb Gjscrgnrs, 5rg
rnvjsng ngjtjcl. _ksmjlotcl, GE,
;:=?,
pp ;44-7
;1. Lj Emclemuamkjr K, Vkbkejc Q, Hnbby
@,
CHnnffn
U ^sn
cf tmn
kaarnvjktng inltkb tnst tc gntnet pcstcpnrktjvn gnbjrjui jl nbgnrby
pncpbn. Ar @ Klknstm ;::>8 ?>07=;-1
;5. @kyr E , Wmciks M, Qny K, Fkrmkt F, Bkssnr T, Acurokjl @B0
Tcstcpnrktjvn pubiclkry ecipbjektjcls0 Npjgurkb klkbonsjk usjlo
au-
pjvkekjln klg cpjcjgs vnrsus pkrnltnrkb cpjcjgs.
KLNUWMNUJCBCOZ::58
;7. Arcigon TQ K ecipkrjscl cf tmn mygrcembcrjgn klg ekracl
gjcxjgn skbts cf bjgcekjln klg prjbcekjln jl npjgurkb klkbonsjk. Ketk
Klnstmnsjcb Ueklg ;:6>8 ;6 suppb ;6)0>>- 6:
;:==8
5>0;;>-14
?=;666 ?6
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,
V :1,
Lc 1, Fna
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TKWJNLW-ECLWQCBBNG KLKBONUJK KLG NBGNQBZ TKWJNLWU
;>.
Hciktsu
M,
Iktsuictc
U
Ijtsumktk M, Kan H, Wcrjykan
U0
Ecipkrjscl cf pktjnlt-ecltrcbbng npjgurkb klkbonsjk wjtm klg wjtmcut
akehorculg jlfusjcl kftnr okstrnetciy. Klnstm Klkbo ;::=8=?:4?-
;4
;6. Omclnji
II,
Mjlrjems
` V ,
CMkrk I_, Inmtk IT, Tktmgh G,
Huikr
V,
Ebkrh EQ Ecipkrjscl cf psyemcbcoje klg ecoljtjvn fuletjcls
kftnr
onlnrkb cr rnojclkb klnstmnsjk. KLFUWMNUJCB~OZ:==8 6:0>4?-;>
;?. Emulo FF, Emulo K, Injnr
QM,
Bkutnlsembknonr
N,
Unycln
E0
Ecipkrjscl cf pnrjcpnrktjvn inltkb fuletjcl kftnr onlnrkb klknstmnsjk
klg spjlkb klknstmnsjk wjtm jltrkvnlcus sngktjcl. Ekl @ Klgnstm ;:=:8
;=. Ijounb Q , Akrbcw J, Icrrnbb I, Uemkrf @, Uklusj
J1
;:. Icbbnr @W, Ebujtikls T, Qksussnl BU, MCBJ], Qksiussnl H, Eklnt
@, Qkaajt T, @cbbns @, Bkrsnl
H,
M i j l o EG, Jklonrcl 4 Bkuvnl TI,
Hrjstnlsnl TK, Ajngnr
K,
Anni M, Frkjgkhjs 4 Ujbvnrstnjl @M, Anlnhnl
@N_, Orkvnlstnjl@U0 Bclo tnri pcstcpnrktjvn ecoljtjvn gysfuletjcl jl tmn
nbgnrby. Bklent
;::=8
5>;15>?-6;
14. Ektbny GI, Wmcr ltcl
E,
@crgkl
E,
Bnmkln @Q, Qcystcl G, @clns
@O0 Trclculeng npjscgje cxyonl gnskturktjcl jl tmn pcstcpnrktjvn
pnrjcg0 Jts ksscejktjcl wjtm vnltjbktcry pkttnrl klg klkbonsje rnojinl,
KLNUWMNUJCBCOZ
;:=>8 65014 -
=
1;. Nokl H@, Qnkgy BA0 Tktjnlt sktjsfketjcl wjtm jltrkvnlcus TEK cr
npjgurkb icrpmjln. Ekl @ Klknstm ;::78 7;06-;;
11.
Orkanr @L, Uemubtn _@, Eclgcl
QN,
Ecwbns VN0 Qnbktjclsmjp
cf
gurktjcl
cf
pcstcpnrktjvn jbnus tc nxtnlt klg sjtn cf cpnrktjvn gjssne-
tjcl. Uuronry ;:=18 :115?-:1
15. Emnkgbn _O, Vjtkbn OE, Ikehjn EQ, Eusemjnrj K0 Trcpmybketje
pcstcpnrktjvn lkscokstrje gneciprnssjcl .
K
prcspnetjvn stugy cf jts
rnqujrninlt klg tmn jlfbunlen cf ejintjgjln jl 144 pktjnlts. Kll Uuro
17. Eclgcl QN, Ecwbns V, Nhaci OK, Uemutbn _@, Mnss O0 Nffnets cf
5605=1-?
;:=>8 141 ~56; ->
mkbctmkln, nlfburkln klg ljtrcus cxjgn cl ecbcl ictjbjty. Uuronry
;:=?8 ;4;0=;->
1>. Frkltzjgns EW, Ecwbns V, Ukbkyinm A, Wnhjl N,
Eclgcl QN0
Icrpmjln nffnets
cl
muikl ecbclje iycnbnetrje ketjvjty jl tmn pcst-
cpnrktjvn pnrjcg. Ki @ Uuro ;::18 ;650;77 -:
16. Tkrhnr QH, Mcbtikll A, Uijtm J, _mjtn TF0 ^sn cf hntcrcbke kftnr
bcwnr kagcijlkb suronry0 Nffnet cl klkbonsje rnqujrninlt klg surojekb
cutecin. KLNUWMNUJCBCOZ::78 =406 -;1
1?. _kbbjl O , Ekssutc @, Mcostrci U, Qjiakeh O, Fkxnl K, Wcbbnsscl
TC0 Fkjburn
cf
npjgurkb klnstmnsjk tc prnvnlt pcstcpnrktjvn pkrkbytje
jbnus. KLNUWMNUJCBCOZ:=68 6>01:1-?
1=. M`crtsc LE, Lnuikll T, Frcsjo
F,
Klgnrsnl W, Bjlgmkrg K,
Qcocl
N,
Hnmbnt M0
K
ecltrcbbng stugy cl tmn nffnet
cf
npjgurkb
klkbonsjk wjtm bcekb klknstmntjes klg icrpmjln cl icrajgjty kftnr
kagcijlkb suronry. Ketk Klknstmnsjcb Ueklg ;:=>8 1:0?:4
-6
1 : . Hklkzj ON, Wmcipscl
@U,
Acshcvshj LK0 Nffnet cf npjgurkb kl-
kbonsjk cl pcstcpnrktjvn jbnus kftnr jbnkb pcuem-klkb klkstcicsjs. i
Uuro ;::68 6107::->41
54.
Qcuffnt F, Mky @I, Vkemnr
A,
Fjlonrmut
K,
Fbkiklt
Z ,
Iktmcl
E ,
Okjlklt K0 Eurktjvn rnsnetjcl fcr bnft ecbclje ekrejlcik0 Mnijecbne-
tciy vs snoinltkb ecbnetciy. K prcspnetjvn, ecltrcbbng, iubtjenltnr
trjkb. Gjs Ecbcl Qnetui ;::78 5?06>;-:
5;. Arngtikll QG nrgnl
ML,
Wnjemikll
_,
Icnehn MT, Hljnsnb
A, Akntonl
Q,
Wnehbnlauro K0 Npjgurkb klkbonsjk jl ecbclje suronry0
Qnsubts cf k rklgcijzng prcspne tjvn stugy. Ar @ Uuro ;::48??065= 71
51.
Kjthnlmnkg
KQ,
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M Z ,
Arcwl GK0 Mjom spjlkb lnrvn abceh
fcr bkron acwnb klkstcicsjs. Ar @ Klknstm ;:?=8
>40
;??- =5
55. Erkwfcrg NI, Icjljemn U, Craknh @, A`nrrui
M,
Hnmbnt M0
Crtmcstktje mypctnlsjcl gurjlo pcstcpnrktjvn ecltjlucus tmcrkeje npj-
gurkb aupjvkekjln-icrpmjln jl pktjnlts ulgnrocjlo kagcijlkb suronry.
Klnstm Klkbo ;::68 =50;41=-51
Klnstmnsjcbcoy,
V :1, L c
1, Fna 1444