Conception of a global SAR mission for land imaging on the tropics
Gilberto CâmaraDirector General National Institute for Space Research (INPE)Brazil
How can Brazil achieve its deforestation targets?
Motivation: Brazilian National Plan for Climate Change
INPE has international credibility
TerraAmazon
“Today, Brazil’s monitoring system is the envy of the world. INPE has its own remote sensing satellite, a joint effort with China, that allows it to publish yearly totals of deforested land that scientists regard as reliable.”
INPE´s results have worldwide impact
Society is watching!
Until 2015, Norway will give up to US$ 1 billion to reduce deforestation in the Amazon. Norway’s contribution will depend on how successful Brazil will be in reducing deforestation. Brazil has the largest rain forest and one of the world’s most advanced systems for surveillance of deforestation.
Other countries want to help
Challenge: Cloud cover in the tropics
Most tropical areas have > 50% cloud cover yearly (source: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project)
Challenge: Cloud cover in Amazonia
São Félix do Xingu, Brazil, cloud covered from October to May
Deforestation classes per area
13%22%27%32%31%68%38%More than 300 ha
10%11%11%12%14%6%12%150 a 300 ha
7%7%7%7%8%3%8%100 a 150 ha
16%14%13%12%13%6%12%50 a 100 ha
19%16%13%11%11%5%11%25 a 50 ha
25%20%16%14%12%6%11%10 a 25 ha
10%9%9%8%6%4%5%Less than 10 ha
2006200520042003200220012000
Tendência de Aumento Tendência de ReduçãoAproxim. Estável
Au
men
toR
edu
çãoE
stável
Challenges: clearing size is falling
Alerta DETER nov-2007Landsat/TM
August 2007
MODIS
November 2007
Challenge: deforestation during the rainy season
Clearing land for pasture during the rainy season
Checking DETER´s data (February 2008)
Landsat/TM 226/68
17/Ago/2007
New deforestation shown by DETER
DETER out-2007
Challenge: need for medium-resolution data during the rainy season
Exploração – estágio inicialChecking DETER´s data (February 2008)
Intensive timber extraction during the rainy season
SAR user requirements in Brazil
Source: Brazilian SAR users workshop, 2002 + recent additions (Forestry)Workshop organizer (2002): W. Paradella Recent additions: D. Valeriano
Agricult. Cartogr. Oil spills Forestry Geology Hydrology Oceans UrbanMapping
Frequency L L C L L L C L
Polariz. Quad-pol. N. A. VV, HH Quad-pol. HH, HV Quad-pol. Quad-pol. Quad-pol.
IncidenceInterval Variable Variable 20-30°/
45-60° 20-45° Large interval 20-45° 45-60° 40-45°
SpatialResol. 10-30 m 2-5 m 30-50 m 10 – 50 m 5 – 10 m 10 meters 30-100 m 2-5 m
SwathWidth
30-300 Km N. A. 150-350
Km100–500
Km 40-100 Km 100 Km 350 Km 40-100 km
Revisit 15 days N. A.. < 1 day 7-15 days Seasonal 10 - 15 days Daily N.A.
PETROBRAS Solimões Terminal, Coari [LHH(R) + LVV (G)+LHV(B)]
Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia
Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir ParadellaResearcher: F. P. Miranda (PETROBRAS)
Tapajós National Forest [ 10 m res, LHH(R) + LVV (G) + LHV (B)]
Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia
Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: C. Freitas, J. R. Santos, L.V. Dutra, C.
Mura
Bragança, Pará [10 m res, LHH(R) LVV(G) LHV(B)]
Motivation for L-band SAR: Coastal regions
Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella Researchers: P. W. Souza (UFPA), M. T. Prost (MPEG)
Motivation for L-band SAR: AgricultureL.E. Magalhães, Bahia [ 10 m resul, LHH(R)+LVV(G)+LHV(B)]
Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: B. Rudorff, A.R. Formaggio
Industrial motivation:Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM
X-band SAR-Image 3x3mCampinas, Brazil)
P-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Sorocaba, Brazil (10/2002)
Industrial motivation:Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM
X-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Campinas, Brazil
Industrial motivation:Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM
LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics)
5-day full world coverage at 30m;25-day full world coverage at 10m;1-day spot at 5m;
Sun-Synchronous Dawn-Dusk Orbit;
Full Power on descending and ascending;
Double-sided access by roll maneuver;
LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics)
Positioning Control: 100m Positioning Determination: 30cm near real time.
Attitude :Control - 0.1º in roll, pitch and yawDetermination - 0.05º in roll, pitch and yaw
Timing Accuracy: 50us.
ScanSARScanSAR TOPSARTOPSAR
LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal)
ScanSAR/TOPSAR:Number of range looks of detected products: 4Total ground range swath at the equator: 560kmResolution: 30 m x 30 mGlobal coverage time at the equator: 5 daysPolarization: HH+HV
SpotlightSpotlight
StripmapStripmap
LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal)Number of range looks of detected
products: 8Total ground range swath at the equator:
115kmResolution: 14 m x 14 mCoverage time at the equator: 25 daysPolarization: HH+HV
Number of range looks of detected products: 2
Total ground range swath at the equator: 50km
Resolution: 5 m x 5 mTime for Surveying: 1 dayPolarization: HH+HV
Interferometric SARPolarization HH + HV
LANDSAR Polarization + InSAR
LANDSAR Operational Capabilities:Amazonia in 5 days with 30 m resolution
LANDSAR Operational Capabilities:Amazonia in 25 days with 10 m resolution
LandSAR RISAT
(India)
Sentinel
(ESA)
SAOCOM
(Argentina)
ALOS-2 TerraSAR-X
Cosmo-Skymed
Frequency (GHz) 1.25 5.35 5.4 1.3 1.2 9.65 9.6
Resolution (m) 30 50 25 115 100 18.5 100
Max Range Swath (km) 560 240 250 270 350 100 200
Polarization HH, HV, VH, VV
dual HH, HV, VH, VV
HH, HV, VH, VV
Single, Dual
HH+HV or VV+VH
HH, HV, VH, VV
Repeat Cycle (days) 25 ? 6 (2sats)
? ? 11 4 (4 sats)
Coverage Time (days) 5 13 6 (2sats)
2 at 35º South
? 2 0.5 (4 sats)
Systematic
Acquisition (times/year)
73 ? 60 (2sats)
- - - -
To be launched in 2014 2009 2011 and 2014
2010 2013 2010 2007-2010
Comparison: wide swath in 2014
LandSAR RISAT
(India)
Sentinel
(ESA)
SAOCOM
(Argent)
ALOS-2 TerraSAR-X
Cosmo-Skymed
Frequency (GHz) 1.25 5.35 5.4 1.3 1.2 9.65 9.6
Resolution (m) 14 3 5 7 10 6 15
Max Range Swath (km) 115 30 80 50 70 30 40
Polarization HH, HV, VH, VV
HH, HV, VH, VV
HH, HV, VH, VV
? Single, Dual, Full
dual HH, HV, VH, VV
Repeat Cycle (days) 25 ? 6 (2 sats)
? ? 11 4 (4 sats)
Coverage Time (days) 25 19 6 (2 sats)
? ? 2 0.5 (4 sats)
Systematic
Acquisition (times/year)
14 ? 60 (2 sats)
- - - -
To be launched in 2014 2009 2011 and 2014
2010 2013 2010 2007-2010
Comparison: narrow swath in 2014
LandSAR RISAT
(India)
Sentinel
(ESA)
SAOCOM
(Argent)
ALOS-2 TerraSAR-X
Cosmo-Skymed
Frequency (GHz) 1.25 5.35 - - 1.2 9.65 9.6
Resolution (m) 3 <2 - - 3 1.5 1
Max Range Swath (km) 50 10 - - 25 10 10
Polarization dual ? - - Single Dual HH, HV, VH, VV
Repeat Cycle (days) 25 ? - - ? 11 4 (4 sats)
Coverage Time (days) 1-2 ? - - ? 2 0.5 (4 sats)
Systematic
Acquisition (times/year)
- ? - - - - -
To be launched in 2014 2009 2011 and 2014
2010 2013 2010 2007-2010
Comparison: spotlight mode in 2014