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Concepts and Models ofCommunications
Theories
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Basic Characteristics ofCommunications Theory
Mechanistic communication istransmitted from sender to receiver
Psychological considers thesubjective processes involved(thoughts, emotions, etc.) in the waymeaning is interpreted by recipients
of messages
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Basic Characteristics ofCommunications Theory
Sociological focuses on the socialcontext in which communications are sentand received and how meaning is
established and shared / communicationsas a socially constructed process
Systems and networks communication is a complex system ofcirculating messages which are beingadapted and modied in a continual andcomplex process
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Transmission CommunicationsModels
source message receiver
Schramm model of masscommunication (1954)
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The Schannon !eaver model of
communication (19"#)
$nformation
source
transmitter
receiver
destination
message
%oisesource
signal
&eceived
signal
message
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The 'sgood Schramm model ofcommunication
encoder
interpreter
decoder encoder
interpreter
decoder
message
message
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ill!s model of"ommunication
&ealms ofunderstandi
ng
&ealms ofunderstandi
ng
message
feedac
noise noise
source
encoding
decoding
receiver
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T*o step model ofCommunication
Mass media
T1
T#
T4T+
T5T"
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Multi step process ofcommunication
Mass media
T1
T#
T4
T+
T5
T"
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&elational and %et*or Modelsof Communication
#ransactional communication
$elational communication
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Semiotics andCommunication of
Meanings
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Semiotics
%tudy of signs and symbols
#he message must not only be sent and
received but must be acted upon through a
process of interpretation &ow signs are transmitted through the use of
codes
&ow meaning is constructed and shared
between people and / or organi'ations &ow meanings are dependent on the variety of
ways in which objects can be interpretedaccording to what the objects signify for people
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The System of Semiosis
#he sign
t!s object
n interpretant (function ofinterpretation)
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The Sign Construct
sign Signi,er
Signi,ed
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Signi,er acoustic image
Signi,ed mental (psychological)image
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The Signage process
Sign
-enotedo.ect -ynamic
o.ect
$nterpretant
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-enotation translation of a sign toits literal meaning
Connotation translates the sign tomeanings associated with it
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Sign systems
$con a pattern that physicallyresembles what it stands for
*ery low level of convention
conic words onomopoetic words(translinguistic words)
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Symols signs that do not havestrong correlation with the signiedobject
*ery high level of convention
%ymbols simplicity, clearness,abstractedness, attraction,
recogni'able,, distinctive
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$ndices signs that have correlationwith space and time with its meaning
+ened by some sensory feature directly visible, audible, smellable
edium level of convention
/stract indices left, right,forward, bac-ward, above, below
0ogical indices