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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Presented By: Michael L. McCool, Jr., PE 1
Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleINDOT Design Pol icy
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
IDM – Part 4, Chapter 403, Load Analysis & Application
403-4.0 CONSTRUCTION LOADINGS
403-4.01 General Requirements
403-4.02 Application of Construction Loading
1. Component Loads, DC
2. Construction Dead Loads, CDL
3. Construction Live Loads, CLL
4. Wind Load, WS
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleIDM – Part 4, Chapter 403, Load Analysis & Application
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Loads
Loads during construction are:
DC = Dead Lo ad from B ridg eMembers, Formw ork, Deck, etc.
DC1 – Concrete = 150 lbs/ft 3
DC2 – Stay-in-place Formwork = 15 psf
DW = N/A for Non-Composite Construction
CDL = Construction Equipment loads such as screed rails,
overhang forms, temp railing, walkway
CDL1 – Removable Coping Deck Forms = 15 psf
CDL2 – Temporary Walkway = 15 psf – applied over a 2’-0” wideplatform on outside of coping 5
Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Loads
Loads during construction are:
CLL = Construction Live Load suchas Screed Machin e and Workers
CLL1 – Construction Li ve Load = 20 psf extended the entire bridgewidth pl us two feet outside of bridge copin g over 30 feetlongi tudinal l ength centered on Screed Machine Load
– = applied 6 in outside of bridge coping.
CLL3 – Vertical Railing and Walkway Load = 75 plf applied 6 inoutside of bri dge coping over 30 feet longitudi nal length centeredon Screed Machine Load
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Loads
Loads during construction are:
WS = Wind Lo ad on exposed h eight of the Structure (negligiblefor interior girders)
WS - Calcul ated per AASHTO 3.8.1.1 (use 70 mph per AASHTOTemporary wor ks manual Fig 2.1)
WCEL = Wind Lo ad on scr eed machine (negligib le)
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleIDM – Part 4, Chapter 403, Load Analysis & Application
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
IDM – Part 4, Chapter 403, Load Analysis & Application
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleLoad Factors
[AASHTO 3.4.2.1 and 3.4.2.2] - Load Combinations
STRENGTH I - 1.25*(DC + DW) + 1.5*(CDL + CLL )
STRENGTH III - 1.25*(DC + DW) + 1.5*(CDL) + 1.25(WS)
STRENGTH IV - 1.5*(DC + DW) + 1.5*(CDL)
STRENGTH V - 1.25*(DC+DW)+1.5*(CDL)+1.35*(CLL)+0.4*(WS)
SERVICE I - 1.0*(DC+DW)+1.0*(CDL)+1.0*(CLL) +0.3*(WS)
SERVICE II - 1.0*(DC+DW)+1.0*(CDL)+1.3*(CLL)
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
IDM – Part 4, Chapter 407, Structural Steel
407-6.0 I-SECTIONS IN FLEXURE
407-6.07 Constru ctabili ty
LRFD 6.10.3 and its commentary provide additional informationregarding constructability of a steel I-girder bridg e.
See Chapter 403 for additional guidance for constructio nloading.
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleIDM – Part 4, Chapter 407, Structural Steel
407-8.0 CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES
407-8.01 Bolted Con nection s
2. Design. A bolted connection should be designed as slip-critical at the Service II Limit state and for con structionloading, except for secondary bracing
407-8.03 Splic es
7. Design. A bolted splice shall be slip-critical under Service IIand construction loads and shall be designed in accordancewith LRFD 6.13.2.2 for the Streng th L imit state.
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Limit States
Seven Limit State Checks
1 - Yielding Limit State Check (6.10.3.2.1-1)
2 - Lateral Torsional Buckling (6.10.3.2.1-2)and Flange Local Buckling Check
3 - Web Bend Buck ling Check (6.10.3.2.1-3)
4 - Flange Lateral Bending Check (6.10.1.6-1)
5 - Discretely Braced Flange in Tension Check (6.10.3.2.2-1)
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleLimit States
6 - Lateral Girder Rotation Check (Service I)
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Limit States
7 - Slip Critical Bolt Check (Service II)
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleDesign Example - Steel Beam Bridge
Bridge GeometryThree Spans @ 66’ – 86’ – 66’Skew = 10 degr ees
Bridge Typical SectionClear Roadway = 28’-0”Beam Spacing = 3 @ 8’-3”Slab = 8”Overhang = 1’-10 ½”
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Beam DetailsW 36x135 (Positi ve Moment Regions )W 36x194 (Negative Moment Region s)Grade 50W Steel
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Bridge Typical Section
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleBridge Framing Plan
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Bridge Beam Elevation
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleDeck Pour Sequencing
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Final Design Computations
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Determine Controlling Strength Limit State
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
Run Continuous Beam Analysis Program
Investigate all 5 Pours
Run for Strengt h I and IV
By Inspection Strength III and V will not control, No wi nd oninterior
Determine which Pour and Strength Combination Controls
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
AASHTO Code Checks
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
Follow AASHTO FigureC 6.4.1-1 flo w c hart
Utilize Merlin-DashProgram for Code Checks
Merlin-Dash Performsmost code checks for
reng on y
Modify Input Loads forcode checks for StrengthIV
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Input - Construction Loading
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Appl ied Const ruct ion Loading
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
Appl ied Const ruct ion Loading
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
Appl ied Const ruct ion Loading
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Dead Load Deflections
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
AASHTO 6.10.3.5
AASHTO Gui de Spec if ication s for Temporary Works
Section 2.3.5 - Deflection for Falsework Members
Deflection <= L / 240 for Conc rete DL only
se er n- as o c ec e ec on or eac our -
Verify No Uplif t
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Dead Load Deflections
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Deck – Slab Tension Check
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
AASHTO 6.10.3.2.4
Use Continuous Beam Analysis to determine max negativemoments
Strength IV Constructi on Loading contr ols
Modify Merlin-Dash l oads, program outputs service stresses
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Deck – Slab Tension Check
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Service II Loading f or Slip Critical Checks
Construction Load Code Checks, Interior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Determine Controlling Strength Limit State
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Run Continuous Beam Analysis Program
Investigate all 5 Pours to determine controlling loads
Run all load cases with modi fied loads in Merlin-Dash to getmoments
Pour 2 and 5 control
Example calculations shown for Pour 2 Strength V loading
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Input for Construction Loading
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Deck Pour Sequencing
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleBridge Framing Plan
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Steel Beam Elevation
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Appl ied Const ruct ion Loading
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Appl ied Construct ion Loading – Streng th V
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Input Properties
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Input from Merlin-Dash
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Beam Properties
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Flange Compressive Stress – f bu
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
First-order versus Second-order analysis
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
First-order versus Second-order analysis
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
First-order versus Second-order analysis
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
First-order versus Second-order analysis
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
First-order versus Second-order analysis
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Ampli ficat io n Fac tor
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
First-order versus Second-order analysis
Ampli ficat io n Fac tor
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Flange Lateral Bending Stress – f
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
[6.10.3.2.1] Check Flange Nominal Yielding
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
[6.10.3.2.1] Check Flexural Resistance
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
[6.10.3.2.1] Check Flexural Resistance
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Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
[6.10.3.2.1] Check Web Bend Bucklin g
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleConstruction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
[6.10.3.2.2] Check Tension Flang e Nominal Yieldin g
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Construction Load Code Checks, Exterior Beams
Addi tional Chec ks Required
[6.10.1.8] Check secti ons w ith hol es intension flanges
[6.10.3.2.4] Check longi tudin al stresses i nconcrete deck
(6.10.3.3-1) Check shear in beams
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Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading ExampleServiceability for Rotation Checks, Exterior Beams
Lateral Girder Rotation Check (Service I)
Check ensures wh ile the deck is being s equentially pou red,the exterior beam does not r otate, resulting in excessiveoverhang deflections.
The eccentric lo ads should be applied to the exterior beam todetermine the amount of torsion each l oad causes.
Using the torsion, the horizontal forces i n the top flange
caus ng e ec on ou war an o om ange caus ngdeflection inward) should be calculated.
Each flange is analyzed as a continuous beam over supports,where the supports are the diaphragms.
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Serviceability for Rotation Checks, Exterior Beams
Lateral Girder Rotation Check (Service I)
The loads are applied to match the deck pour sequence, mostlikely with th e concrete and screed machine starting on oneend, with the other end virtually u nloaded.
After t he analysi s, the inw ard d eflect io n of th e bo ttom flangeand outward deflection of the top flange should be used todetermine the rotation of the beam.
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the rotation of the coping as shownin IDM Figu re 403-4D.
BLN limits the maximum delta of thecoping to 0.20 inches.
Construction Loading ExampleConstruction Loading Example
ANY QUESTIONS?
Presented By: Michael L. McCool, Jr., PE 66
July 24, 2012 Construction Loading Example for Steel Beam Bridge