Download - Contaminare Porumb Cu Aflatoxine
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Riscul contaminarii porumbului cu aflatoxine
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Aflatoxinele contamineaza porumbul în timpul vegetatiei
-aflatoxinele sunt cei mai periculosi
contaminanti biologici
- actiunea oncogena este sinergica cu
a altor oncoinductori!
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Ciclul de viata al
ciupercilor
toxigene din grupul
Aspergillus section flavi
Supravetuire ca scleroti (3 ani) si
Conidii (1 an) în sol si în resturile vegetale
Vânt si insecte
boabe stiuleti resturi vegetale
vânt
insec
te
Temperatura
Umiditate
matase
A. flavus
suprafata sol
miceliu scleroti
Boabe
infectate
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Principalele specii producatoare Principalele specii producatoare
de aflatoxinede aflatoxine
Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavusAspergillus parasiticusAspergillus parasiticus Aspergillus nomiusAspergillus nomius
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Are loc prin matasa galben/ bruna = germinare si colonizare
Favorizata de temperaturile ridicate si de umiditate redusa a solului (avantaj competitiv pentru ciupercile toxigene din grupul Aspergillus section flavi; cresterea numarului de spori în aer)
Factorii care favorizeaza contaminare porumbului cu aflatoxine produse de ciupercile toxigene din grupul
Aspergillus section flavi
1. Infectia
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Favorizata de atacul de insecte
Distrugerea barierelor fizice faciliteaza raspândirea infectiei pe stiulete
Distrugerea pericarpului favorizeaza infectia intriorului boabelor
Descresterea umiditatii boabelor <35%
� A. flavus avantaj competitiv fata de alte ciuperci microscopice(e.g. Fusarium spp.)
2. Colonizarea
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Temperaturi ridicatePrecipitatii reduse – stress hidric al plantelor
Alte factori limitativi ai plantelor cu boabe în curs de formare Prolina, factor semnal de stress în plantele de porumb induce sinteza aflatoxinelor în tulpinile toxigene
3. Producerea de aflatoxine
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Identificare
Ciuperci care produc spori
verde maslina
1. Aspergillus flavus
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Modelarea contaminarii porumbului cu aflatoxineModelarea contaminarii porumbului cu aflatoxine
Schimbarile climatice si riscul contaminarii porumbului cu
aflatoxine în timpul vegetatiei
Schimbarile climatice si riscul contaminarii porumbului cu
aflatoxine în timpul vegetatiei
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Parametrii modelarii
virulenta ciupercilor
umidita
tea
solului
temperatura
solului
marimea inocului
tulpina de
aspe
rgilii
fosforul din
sol
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Tulpina de Aspergillus flavus
� Aspergiiile aflatoxigene sunt specii cu în multire exclusiv asexuata
� Toate populatiile sunt monoclonale
� Exista tulpini atoxigene (scleroti mici) si înalt toxigene (scleroti mari)
� Analiza geostatisitica
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Click to edit Master title styleClick to edit Master title styleInterpolarea probabilistica de tip kriging estimează valorile necunoscute folosind o combinaţie lineară a probelor disponibile:
Eroarea de estimare i (ri) este diferenţa dintre valoarea estimata si valoarea efectiv determiantă pentru acea locatie
Valoarea medie a erorilor unui set de estimate k este:
Eroare variantei este:
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% izolate
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Lumina
solara
ATMOSFERA
Caldura radianta este
captata de CO2
si de alte GHG
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Tab. 1 Potenţialul de încălzire globală a diferitelor gaze cu efect de seră
23900SF6
6500-9200PFC-uri (perfluorocarburi)
140-11700HXC-uri (hidrohalogenocarburi)
310N2O (protoxid de azot)
21CH4 (metan)
1CO2 (dioxid de carbon)
GWP pentru 100 de aniGaze cu efect de seră
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Fotografii NASA care arata extinderea minima a calotei
artice în 1979 (stânga) si în 2003. Datele indica o
reducere cu 3% a extinderii calotei artice.
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PROJECT TO INTERCOMPARE REGIONAL CLIMATE SIMULATIONS
Experimente cu porumb în atmosfera
îmbogatita cu CO2
11.8550ppm
9.4370ppm
Productie
(ton/ha)
CO2
370ppm 550ppm
Uribelarrea et al., 2003
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Schimbari climatice
text
• Efecte primare
[CO[CO22]]
–Precipitatii•Intensitate
•Volum
– Cresterea concentratiei de CO2
– Schimbari ale calitatii luminii
–Taer and Tsol
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Parametrii agroclimatici
• Ap = incidenta infectiei cu fungi potential toxigeni a porumbului (procente)
• Ab = severitatea contaminarii cu aflatoxina B1 (ng/g)• Amt = media temperaturii minime din august• Imu = media umiditatii maxime din iulie• S32t = numarul saptamânilor din t impul perioadei de vegetatie în care
media temperaturii maxime saptamânale a depasit 32°C• Imt = media temperaturii maxime din iulie • Imu = media umiditatii minime din iulie• S90u = numarul de saptamâni din t impul perioadei de vegetatie în care
media saptamânala a umiditatii maxime a depasit 90%• D1 = variabila compensatorie indicând localitatile cu 0 - 5 saptamâni în
care temperatura saptamânala maxima a depasit 32°C• D2 = variabila compensatorie indicând localitatea cu 11 - 15 saptamâni în
care temperatura saptamânala maxima a depasit 32°C• C = constanta functiei lineare• S95u = numarul de saptamâni din t impul perioadei de vegetatie în care
media saptamânala a umiditatii maxime a depasit 90%• S38t = numarul de saptamâni din timpul perioadei de vegetatie în care
media saptamânala a temperaturii maxime a depasit 38°C• S21t = numarul de saptamâni din timpul perioadei de vegetatie în care
media saptamânala a temperaturii minime a depasit 21°C• S55u = numarul de saptamâni din t impul perioadei de vegetatie în care
media saptamânala a umiditatii minime a depasit 55 %
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Dreapta de regresie (determinata prin metoda celor mai mici patrate) care stabileste corelatia dintre incidenta infectiei cuciuperci potential toxigene si parametrii agrometeorologici
Dreapta de regresie (determinata prin metoda celor mai mici patrate) care stabileste corelatia dintre incidenta infectiei cuciuperci potential toxigene si parametrii agrometeorologici
4,664,420,502S32t
- 3,7225,1- 93,496D2
1,6322,937,232D1
3,262,16,828IMu
- 3,795,7- 21,495Amt
- 1,77154,2- 272,312C
Ecuatia 1: Ap = f (Amt . IMu . D1 . D2 . S32t) r2 = 0,8896
Coeficient TEroarea standardCoeficient estimatVariabila independenta
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Ecuatia curbei de regresie (determinata prin metoda celor mai mici patrate) care stabileste corelatia dintre severitatea contaminarii cu aflatoxine în timpul vegetatiei - exprimata prin continutul de aflatoxine la recoltare (ng/g) si parametrii agrometeorologici
1,997,214,439S90u
- 1,0666,1- 70,318D1
- 2,396,1- 14,597Imu
1,558,313,864IMu
- 3,6916,7- 61,635Amt
1,0316,917,409IMt
0,511077,754,659C
Ecuatia 3: Ab = f (IMt . Amt . IMu . Imu . D1 . S90u) r2 = 0,8198
Coeficient TEroarea standardCoeficient estimatVariabila independenta
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Jú
n, p
ôd
na v
rstv
a 0
-30 c
m
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Obsah vody v pôde [cm]
GIS
S98
CC
CM
2000M
ER
AN
ÉLinear (G
ISS
98)Linear (C
CC
M2000)
Iun
ie, s
trat s
ol
Masurat
Continutul de apa
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Jú
l, pô
dna v
rstv
a 0
-30 c
m
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Obsah vody v pôde [cm]
GIS
S98
CC
CM
2000M
ER
AN
ÉLinear (G
ISS
98)Linear (C
CC
M2000)
Iulie
,stra
t so
l
Masurat
Continut de apa
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Au
gu
st, p
ôdn
a v
rstv
a 0
-30 c
m
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Obsah vody v pôde [cm]
GIS
S98
CC
CM
2000M
ER
AN
ÉLinear (G
ISS
98)Linear (C
CC
M2000)
stra
t so
l
Masurat
Continut apa sol
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Sep
tem
ber, p
ôd
na v
rstv
a 0
-30 c
m
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Obsah vody v pôde [cm]
GIS
S98
CC
CM
2000M
ER
AN
ÉLinear (G
ISS
98)Linear (C
CC
M2000)
stra
t so
lM
asurat
Continut de apa
Septem
brie
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Fosforte
xt
[CO[CO22]]
• Levigare
• Eroziune• Spalare
• Mineralizare• Precipitare• Adsorptie• Complexare
• Preluare
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Resturi animale
Ingrasaminteminerale
Recoltare
Spalare sieroziune
Levigare(amplificare)
Fosfor organic•Microbian•Resturi vegetale•Humus
Minerale primare(apatite)
Resturi vegetale
Preluare plante
Solutia soluluifosfor•HPO4
-2
•H2PO4-1
Compusi secundari(CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP)
DizolvareDizolvare
PrecipitarePrecipitare
Minerale de suprafata(argile, oxizi de Fe si
Al,carbonati)
Dezag
rega
re
Dezag
rega
re
AdsorbtieAdsorbtie
Mineralizare
Mineralizare
Imobilizare
Imobilizare
DesorptionDesorption
Input tComponent Pierdere
Depuneri atmosferice
text
[CO[CO22]]
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Marirea riscului de contaminare a porumbului cu
aflatoxine cu aprox.12%
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Pierderi semnificative
• Peste 10% din porumbul României va fi contaminat cu aflatoxine peste limita maxima admisibila
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Divergentele dintre agricultura României si agricultura tarilor UE
Agricultura României:
-Etapa extensiva / pre-intensiva;
-Obiective legate de asigurarea securitatii alimentare
---Conditii climatice Conditii climatice Conditii climatice temperat continentaletemperat continentaletemperat continentale
Agricultura tarilor UE:
-Etapa postintensiva / postindustriala
- Obiective legate de asigurarea sigurantei alimentului de la “furca la furculita”
- Conditii climatice Conditii climatice Conditii climatice temperat oceanicetemperat oceanicetemperat oceanice
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UERomânia
SUA
aflatoxina B1
aflatoxine totale
temp. max. înflorit
precipitatii
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
c
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Utilizarea porumbului contaminat cu
afaltoxine pentru industrializare –producerea de
bioetanol, biocombustibil
cu utilizare tot maiextinsa
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Produsele tehnologiei de Produsele tehnologiei de
macinare uscatamacinare uscata
�� Fiecare kg de porumb produceFiecare kg de porumb produce
PRODUSEPRODUSE CANTIT. APROX.CANTIT. APROX.
�� ETANOLETANOL 0.32 kg0.32 kg
�� BIOXID DE CARBONBIOXID DE CARBON 0.28 kg0.28 kg
�� COCO--PRODUSEPRODUSE 0.30 kg0.30 kg
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O treime din bobul de porumb se transforma prin
procesarea în etanol în co-produse
solubile de distilerie
Proteina
co
-pro
du
se
so
lub
ile d
e
dis
tile
rie
(CP
SD
)
EtanolAmidon
Bioxid de carbon
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Co-produsele solubile de distilerie sunt
utilizate de obicei ca furaje
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• In co-produsele solubile rezultate de la procesarea porumbului contaminat cu aflatoxine în etanol se regaseste peste 50% din încarcatura initiala de micotoxine
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Substrat Fermentare Produs
Porumb
infectat:
Amidon
aflatoxine
Glucoza
Produsi
de degrare
ai aflatoxinelor
Etanol
Amilaze
Drojdii
Porumb:
Amidon Glucoza Etanol
Amilaze Drojdii
AmoniacAmoniacAmoniac
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Procedeu biotehnologic de Procedeu biotehnologic de conversie concomitenta a conversie concomitenta a porumbului contaminat porumbului contaminat îîn n
bioetanol bioetanol şşi biopreparate de i biopreparate de uz agricoluz agricol
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Testarea antagonismului unor drojdii fata de fitopatogeni
� Tulpini de:
� Saccharomyces cerevisiae (L30)
� Metschnikowia
pulcherrima (L28, L29)
� Saccharomyces boulardii (L31)
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Antagonismul drojdiilor fata de ciupercile t Antagonismul drojdiilor fata de ciupercile t fitopatogenefitopatogene
• A fost evidentiata o tulpina de Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(L30) care a manifestat o acţiune de inhibare faţă de Aspergillus flavus izolat de pe boabe de porumb;
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Influenta aflatoxinelor asupra hidrolizei enizmatice a amidonului
din porumb
Porumb Amidon Glucoza
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� Solubilizarea amidonului (alfa-amilaza termostabila)
� Zaharificarea amidonului solubilizat (glucoamilaza)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
min
% g
rup
ari
re
du
cato
are
0204080
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2 ADP+ 2
2 ATPGlicoliza
Glucoza
2 NAD++++
2 acid piruvic
2 CO2 eliberati
+ 2 H++++
2 NAD++++
2 Alcool etilic
Fermentatia alcoolica
Influenta aflatoxinelor asupra fermentatiei alcoolice
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 12 24 36 48 60
ore
con
c. a
lcool
(%)
0
20
40
80
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Fermentation Distillation
DrojdieDistilare alcool
macinare
Solubilizare amidon
Apa
Liquefaction Saccharification
Alfa-amilazatermostabila Glucoamilaza
coproduse
biopreparat
Fabricarea concomitenta de bioetanol si biopreparate din porumb contaminat cu aflatoxine
porumb contaminat
Zaharificare amidon
Ferm
entatie alcoolica
Distilare
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Co-produsele solubile ale procesarii proumbului în bioetanol pe calea macinarii uscate porumbului –
biopreparate pentru combaterea fitopatogenilor
![Page 56: Contaminare Porumb Cu Aflatoxine](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020712/5493e574ac795959288b4b7b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Porumb contaminat cu aflatoxine
macinis
alfa-amilaza bacteriana
macinare
solubil izare amidon
zaharificare
glucoamilaza
fungica
plamada
zaharificata
drojide
antagonista
fermentare
biomasa de
drojdii
antagoniste
alcool etil ic
amelioratori de sol
plamada
conditionare
disti lare Bioetanol
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Experimentari ulterioare
Laborator Statie pilot Scara industriala
Fermentator
control
pompa
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Valorificarea superioaraValorificarea superioara
a bioetanolului din a bioetanolului din
porumb contaminat cuporumb contaminat cuaflatoxineaflatoxine
![Page 59: Contaminare Porumb Cu Aflatoxine](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020712/5493e574ac795959288b4b7b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Producerea de amestec motorina -
etanol
Reducere impact bioxid de carbon
![Page 60: Contaminare Porumb Cu Aflatoxine](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020712/5493e574ac795959288b4b7b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
2020202020202020--------
28%28%28%28%28%28%28%28%
NONONONONONONONO
xxxxxxxxPMPMPMPMPMPMPMPM
22222222--------6%6%6%6%6%6%6%6% 3434343434343434--------46%46%46%46%46%46%46%46%
BHPBHPBHPBHPBHPBHPBHPBHP
--------1/+2%1/+2%1/+2%1/+2%1/+2%1/+2%1/+2%1/+2%
EPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 OEPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 OEPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 OEPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 OEPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 OEPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 OEPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 OEPA/CARB No.2 Diesel vs. No.2 O22222222DieselDieselDieselDieselDieselDieselDieselDiesel™™™™™™™™ (7.7vol% (7.7vol% (7.7vol% (7.7vol% (7.7vol% (7.7vol% (7.7vol% (7.7vol%
etanoletanoletanoletanoletanoletanoletanoletanol))))))))
ReReReReReReReRezultate reprezentativezultate reprezentativezultate reprezentativezultate reprezentativezultate reprezentativezultate reprezentativezultate reprezentativezultate reprezentative
BBBBBBBBeneficiieneficiieneficiieneficiieneficiieneficiieneficiieneficii
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Matricea de testareMatricea de testare
XC6125H
XB6125H
XA6125H
XNu6125H
XC6068H
XB6068H
XA6068H
XNu6068H
XC6081H
XB6081H
XA6081H
XNu6081H
15% Mix10% Mix7.7% MixComb. cert.AditivCod produs