Download - Coordination and Cooperation
CO-OPERATION & COORDINATIONTECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE COORDINATION
PRESENTED BY:-
JIVRAJ S.SHEKHAWAT(2008ECS08)AMITABH RANJAN(2008ECS09)
RANJAN JHA(2008ECS10)GYANENDRA GIRI(2008ECS11)
OVERVIEW
COORDINATION & CO-OPERATION……DEFINITIONS AND NECESSITIES. TECHNIQUES OF COORDINATION.
TYPES OF COORDINATION. FEATURES OF HORIZONTAL COORDINATION. FEATURES OF VERTICAL COORDINATION.
PROS AND CONS OF DIFFERENT COORDINATION TECHNIQUES.
WHAT IS COORDINATION & COOPERATION FOR AN ORGANISATION
COOPERATION
Cooperation is the process of working or acting together, which can be accomplished by both intentional and unintentional agents. In its simplest form it involves things working in harmony, while in its more complicated forms, it can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a human being or even the social patterns of a nation.
It is the alternative to work separately in competition.
Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources simultaneously, while sharing processor time.
COORDINATION
1. Coordination is the act of coordinating. 2. Co-ordination is balancing and keeping
the teams together by ensuring a suitable allocation of working activities to the various members and seeing that these are performed with due harmony among the members themselves.
3. Coordinating means making different people or things work together for a goal or effect.
FEATURES OR CHARACTERISTICS
Not separate functions of management. Managerial responsibility Provides unity of action Co-ordination is necessary to all levels
of organization Relevant of group efforts. Continuous and dynamic process System concept
NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF CO-ORDINATION
Unity in diversity Term work or unity of directions Functional differentiation Specialization Reconciliation of goals Large number of employees Congruity of flows or congruent flows Empire building Differential and integration
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Principles of coordination or Essentials of effective coordination
Early Start
simplified organization
Continuity
Principles of coordination
Personal contact
Reciprocal relationship
Dynamism
Self coordination
Clear definition of authority
and responsibility
Clear cut objectives Effective
leadership
Effective supervision
Effectives communicati
on
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TECHNIQUES OF CO-ORDINATION
Sound organizational structure Coordination through a liaison
officer Co-operation Self coordination Coordination by leadership Incentives
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Clearly Defined Objectives Effectives chain of command Coordination through group
meetings Harmonious policies and
procedures Effective communication
Techniques of Coordination(CONTD)
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COOPERATION AND COORDINATION
Roughly speaking somebody who gets everybody working together is a coordinator and all those working together are cooperators or cooperating.
Coordination is a formal term while Cooperation is an informal term.
NEED OF COORDINATION AND COOPERATION IN AN ORGANIZATION
Every organization has some goals and proper cooperation and coordination is necessary for them to achieve their goals.
For example all the activities performed at a university like scheduling courses, teaching classes, maintaining student records, preparing food come under cooperation and coordination.
NEED OF COORDINATION AND COOPERATION IN AN ORGANIZATION(CONTD…)
Without proper coordination many irregularities can occur like-
Food may not be served well.
Students may be given lecture about a subject they are not studying.
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TYPES OF COORDINATION
Internal coordination Vertical coordination Horizontal coordination
External coordination
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INTERNAL COORDINATION
It is the establishment of relationship of the managers, executives, divisions, subdivisions, and other workers.
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EXTERNAL COORDINATION
It is the establishment of relationship of the managers, executives, divisions, subdivisions, and other workers.
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EXTERNAL COORDINATION
Market agencies
General public
Customers
Competitors
Different Industrial organization
Different institution
Financial Institutions
government agencies Technological
organization
Technological Agencies
Different commercial organizations
HORIZONTAL CO-ORDINATION
Horizontal Co-ordination work at single hierarchical level.
Horizontal Co-ordination integrates efforts of
manufacturing and sales department and allocated shared resources.
HORIZONTAL CO-ORDINATION(CONTD…)
First time Henri Fayol talked about horizontal co-ordination.
Examples:
1. Coordination among students in a college.
2. Coordination among colleagues in a company.
HORIZONTAL CO-ORDINATION(CONTD…)
Horizontal Co-ordination can be achieved by different techniques.
Some of the techniques are direct contact, liaisons, task forces, integrator, managerial linking roles and multiple command systems.
TECHNIQUES OF HORIZONTAL CO-ORDINATION
DIRECT CONTACT:
Achieving horizontal co-ordination for two managers having same problem can be as simple as talking to each other.
LIAISON ROLES:
When the volume of contact between two work units becomes extremely heavy, management may assign liaison.
Example Manufacturing jet airplanes.
INTEGRATOR RULES:
Integrator provides leadership and actively influence the direction of project through their expertise.
Good political and conflict resolution skills are important here.
TASK FORCE AND TEAMS:
Integrators work well in coordinating a limited number of work units, but when problems arise involving a larger number of units managers may form a task force.
The task force is a temporary group, composed of representatives from the units experiencing the difficulty that tackles the problem and then dissolves when the problem is resolved .
If the problem need is continual attention and not a one-time solution the task force becomes permanent and is referred to as a task team.
MATERIAL LINKS ROLES:
When conditions are highly uncertain, an integrator alone may not be able to coordinate highly heterogeneous ,interdependent units.
To deal with such situations, a linking manager must be given the formal authority to command action.
The shift here is from a reliance on the influence that derives from expertise (integrator) to actual, formal authority (linking manager).
The integrator may say, "Here is a way to solve the problem‘ and this is why I think you should choose this solution." A linking manager , however, has the authority to say ,“ we are going to solve it this way”.
MULTIPLE COMMAND SYSTEMS:
Coordination is sometimes achieved when two or more independent units each have command authority over activity.
Consider the case of Universe Products limited, a manufacturer of electrical, chemical, mechanical, and aerospace products. Historically the company coordinated all of its engineering or search activities out of its aerospace division however, this functional grouping was ultimately unable to give special projects adequate attention. To resolve the problem , management created a second command system for its space projects. Members of the engineering and research department are now accountable to both their functional boss(aerospace).
VERTICAL COORDINATION
COORDINATION AMONG DIFFERENT LEVEL OF
EMPLOYEES IN AN ORGANISATION.
IT LINKS WORK UNITS THAT ARE SEPARATED BY HIERARCHICAL LEVEL.
EXAMPLES
HIERARCHY IN A COLLEGE
STUDENTS TEACHERS DIRECTORS DEANS ….
IF OWNER OF AN ORGANISATION WANTS TO BOOST IT’S SALES THROUGH ADVERTISING THEN
OWNER MARKETING MANAGER TERRITORIAL MANAGER
WAYS TO ACHIEVE VERTICAL COORDINATION
DIRECT SUPERVISION
In small, uncomplicated organizations managers, team leaders and other unit members can meet face to face.
STANDARDISATION
Unit managers decide some rules and procedures called standards which all the members of his unit follow.
GOAL STATEMENTS
A specified goal is set for a specified period of time for each unit of the hierarchy.
ADVANTAGES
LOWER LEVEL EMPLOYEES MAY LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE OF THEIR SENIORS.
SYSTEMATIC AND ORGANISED FUNCTIONING OF THE ORGANISATION.
GOOD COORDINATION BETWEEN EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE LEADS TO PROSPERITY OF THE ORGANISATION IN AN EFFICIENT MANNER.
DISADVANTAGES
AUTOCRACY OF BOSSES.
LOWER LEVEL EMPLOYEES MAY BE INSECURE.
LACK OF JOB SATISFACTION DUE TO IMPROPER
COORDINATION.
WORK-LIFE IMBALANCE.
CONCLUSION
“AN ORGANISATION WITHOUT CO-OPERATION AND COORDINATION IS NOTHING BUT A VIRUS TO THE ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY”
THANK YOU