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What is the periodic table?
• compact way of organizing elements• contains a lot of information • allows us to make predictions about
behavior and properties of elements
• Elements
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History of the Periodic Table
• End of the 1700’s – less than 30 elements known
• Many elements discovered during 1800’s
• Many experiments done to determine atomic masses
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John Newlands
• 1864: if elements arranged by atomic mass - properties repeat every 8th element
• Law of Octaves – did not work for all known elements
• Key idea was correct: Properties of elements do repeat in periodic way
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Mendeleev & MeyerMendeleev produced 1st accepted PT: 1869•Elements ordered by ↑ atomic mass into columns with similar properties•PredictedPredicted existence & properties of undiscovered elements•Not totally correct
– more accurate atomic mass calculations showed some elements weren’t in right place
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Remember
1860’s:
•No subatomic particles yet discovered
•Dalton’s billiard ball model of the atom
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1913 – Henry Moseley
• by 1913, protons & electrons discovered– Neutrons were predicted
• Moseley determined atoms of each element contain unique # protons (= atomic number)
• rearranged Mendeleev’s PT by atomic number instead of mass
• problems with elements in wrong place disappeared
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Periodic Law
• There is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of elements when arranged by increasing atomic numberincreasing atomic number
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Glenn Seaborg: 1950’s
• Lanthanide and Actinide Series
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Seaborg
Mendeleev
Mosley
Newlands
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Vocabulary of PT
• Columns called groupsgroups or familiesfamilies – Today: #1 thru 18, Arabic numerals– Past: A & B groups, Roman numerals
• A-Group – Columns 1,2,13-18 (= representative elements)– IA – 8A
• B-Group– Transition metals (columns 3-12)– IB - 8B
• Rows are called seriesseries or periodsperiods– #1 thru 7
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Column numbering (1 18) left to right
Period numbering (1 7) top to bottom
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Structure of Periodic Table
• Closely related to electron configuration of each element
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Energy Levels = Row Number
• Elements in same row have same # of principal energy levels – so # of principal energy levels = to row #
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Going Across Row 2:Going Across Row 2:
2-8Ne18 (VIIIA)
2-7F17 (VIIA)
2-6O16 (VIA)
2-5N15 (VA)
2-4C14 (IVA)
2-3B13 (IIIA)
2-2Be2 (IIA)
2-1Li1 (IA)
ConfigurationElementFamily
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Going Down Column 1:Going Down Column 1:
2-8-18-32-18-8-1Fr7
2-8-18-18-8-1Cs6
2-8-18-8-1Rb5
2-8-8-1K4
2-8-1Na3
2-1Li2
1H1
ConfigurationElementPeriod
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Valence Electrons
414 or IVA
313 or IIIA
22 or IIA
11 or IA
Number of Valence Electrons
Group
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Valence Electrons
• Chemical behavior determined by # valence electrons
• Elements with same # valence electrons will have similar chemical properties– Elements in same column have similar
chemical properties
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Classifying the Elements
• 2/3 (75%) of elements are metalsmetals• Remaining elements: non-metalsnon-metals &
metalloidsmetalloids (semi-metals)• Metalloids:
– some properties of metals & some properties of nonmetals
• Staircase:Staircase: – dividing line between metals & nonmetals – elements to left are metals (except H)– elements to right are non-metals
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Properties of Metals
• Malleable – flattened into sheets
• Ductile – drawn into wires & tubes
• have Luster
• Good Conductors of heat & electricity
• Solid at room temperature (except Hg)
• Metals lose electrons & form positive ions “Metals are losers”“Metals are losers”
• Low ionization energy
• Low electronegativity
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Properties of Nonmetals• generally gases or solids (except Br2)• solids are Brittle• solids are Dull• poor conductors of heat & electricity• Nonmetals gain electrons & form negative ions “ “Nonmetals are winners”Nonmetals are winners”• High ionization energy• High electronegativity
Properties: OPPOSITE of metals
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Properties of Metalloids
7 metalloids: – 5 on right of staircase: B,Si,As,Te,At– 2 on left of staircase: Ge,Sb
Each metalloid has some metallic and some nonmetallic properties– Example:Si
• shiny like metal but brittle like nonmetal
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Names of Families(AKA group A elements)
• Group 1 = Alkali Metals
• Group 2 = Alkaline Earth Metals
• Groups 3-12: Transition metals
• Group 13 = Boron family
• Group 14 = Carbon family
• Group 15 = Nitrogen family
• Group 16 = Oxygen family
• Group 17 = Halogens
• Group 18 = Noble Gases
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Transition Metals
• Groups 3 through 12
• AKA group B elements
• Actinide & Lanthanide series – inner transition elements
• put the COLOR in your life– form brightly colored salts/solutions
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Elements that are gases at STP
Diatomics:
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2
Monatomics: noble gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
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Two Elements: liquid at room temperature
Br2 (non-metal) and Hg (metal)
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All other elements are solids at room temperature