Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
PowerPoint PowerPoint Presentations to Presentations to Accompany Accompany AP ed.AP ed.
Philip G. Zimbardo Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Robert L. Johnson Ann L. Weber Ann L. Weber Craig W. GruberCraig W. Gruber
Prepared byPrepared byDavid Lundberg-KenrickDavid Lundberg-Kenrick
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• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Introduction and History of Psychology
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Many things that happen to us leave Many things that happen to us leave no record in memoryno record in memory
True or False?True or False?
True: Most of the information around True: Most of the information around us never reaches memory, and what us never reaches memory, and what does reach memory often gets does reach memory often gets distorteddistorted
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You are born with all the brain cells You are born with all the brain cells you will ever haveyou will ever have
True or False?True or False?
False: Recent research shows that False: Recent research shows that some parts of the brain continue some parts of the brain continue producing new cells throughout lifeproducing new cells throughout life
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True or False?True or False?
Both center patches are the same shade of gray
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background
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True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background
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Intelligence is a purely genetic trait Intelligence is a purely genetic trait that does not change throughout a that does not change throughout a person’s lifeperson’s life
True or False?True or False?
False: Intelligence is the result of both False: Intelligence is the result of both heredity and environment, and may heredity and environment, and may change throughout your lifechange throughout your life
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The most common form of mental The most common form of mental disorder occurs in 30% of the disorder occurs in 30% of the populationpopulation
True or False?True or False?
True: Depression, the single most True: Depression, the single most common disorder, may affect up to a common disorder, may affect up to a third of the population at some point third of the population at some point in their livesin their lives
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Repeated exposure to the same face Repeated exposure to the same face leads us to like it lessleads us to like it less
False: Familiar people (and their False: Familiar people (and their faces) are generally liked more than faces) are generally liked more than less familiar people less familiar people
True or False?True or False?
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What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior
and mental processes
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What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology is notMere speculation about human nature
A body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true
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Pseudopsychology –
Erroneous assertions of practices set forth as being scientific psychology
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudopsychology
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What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped
in three major categories: experimental psychology,
teaching of psychology and applied psychology
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What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Experimental psychologists• Conduct most research across psychological
spectrum• May work in private industry or for the
government • Often teach at college or university
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I/OI/O SportsSports
School School
CounselingCounseling
EngineeringEngineering
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
ClinicalClinical
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
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What Are Psychology’s What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots?Historical Roots?
Modern psychology developed from several
conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt
psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis
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Devoted to uncovering Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make basic structures that make
up mind and thoughtup mind and thought
TraditionTradition
StructuralismStructuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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Believed mental processes could best be understood in
terms of their adaptive purpose and function
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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Interested in how we construct “perceptual
wholes”
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt Gestalt psychologypsychology
Behaviorism
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Argued psychology should deal solely with observable
events
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
BehaviorismBehaviorism
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Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the
unconscious mind
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
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What are the Perspectives What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today?Psychologists Use Today?
Seven main perspectives characterize modern
psychology: the biological, developmental, cognitive,
clinical, behavioral, trait, and socio-cultural views
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BiologicalBiological
DevelopmentalDevelopmental
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
SocioculturalSociocultural
CognitiveCognitive
BehavioralBehavioral
TraitTrait
Nine Modern Perspectives of PsychologyNine Modern Perspectives of Psychology
HumanisticHumanistic
Evolutionary/Evolutionary/SociobiologicalSociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are complex systems that We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and respond to hereditary and environmental influencesenvironmental influences
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Neural structures, Neural structures, biochemistry, and inborn biochemistry, and inborn
responses to external cuesresponses to external cues
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do heredity, the nervous How do heredity, the nervous system, and the endocrine system, and the endocrine
system produce behavior and system produce behavior and mental processes?mental processes?
PerspectivePerspective
BiologicalBiological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We undergo predictable patterns We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our livesof change throughout our lives
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Interaction between Interaction between heredity heredity and and environmentenvironment
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
What are the patterns that What are the patterns that characterize developmental characterize developmental
change?change?
What are the genetic and What are the genetic and environmental influences environmental influences
underlying these patterns?underlying these patterns?
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
DevelopmentalDevelopmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are information-People are information-processing systemsprocessing systems
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Mental interpretation of our Mental interpretation of our experienceexperience
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do mental processes, How do mental processes, including sensation, perception, including sensation, perception,
learning, memory, and language, learning, memory, and language, influence behavior?influence behavior?
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
CognitiveCognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are driven by dark forces of We are driven by dark forces of the unconsciousthe unconscious
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Unconscious needs, conflicts, Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and repressed memories, and
childhood experienceschildhood experiences
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How does the energy generated in How does the energy generated in the unconscious mind motivate the unconscious mind motivate
our actions and account for our actions and account for mental disorders?mental disorders?
Biological
Developmental
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Emphasizes human growth and Emphasizes human growth and potentialpotential
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
The influence of self-concept, The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for relationships, and on need for
personal growthpersonal growth
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How can humanistic theory be How can humanistic theory be applied to enhance mental health applied to enhance mental health through counseling and therapy?through counseling and therapy?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
HumanisticHumanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is primarily shaped by Behavior is primarily shaped by learninglearning
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Stimulus cues and our history of Stimulus cues and our history of rewards and punishmentsrewards and punishments
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
What are the “laws” that associate What are the “laws” that associate our responses with stimulus our responses with stimulus
conditions?conditions?
How can they be applied to How can they be applied to improve the human condition?improve the human condition?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
BehavioralBehavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are social animals, so People are social animals, so human behavior must be human behavior must be
interpreted in social contextinterpreted in social context
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Cultures, social norms and Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning expectations, social learning
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
Under what conditions is the Under what conditions is the social and cultural situation social and cultural situation
predictive of behavior?predictive of behavior?
How are social influences different How are social influences different across cultures?across cultures?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
SocioculturalSociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is developed and Behavior is developed and adapted over timeadapted over time
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Natural selection Natural selection
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do behavior and individual How do behavior and individual differences develop and change?differences develop and change?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Evolutionary/SociobiologicalSociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Individual differences result from Individual differences result from differences in our underlying differences in our underlying
patterns of stable characteristicspatterns of stable characteristics
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Each person’s unique combination Each person’s unique combination of traits of traits
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How many fundamental traits are How many fundamental traits are there?there?
How can we use trait patterns to How can we use trait patterns to predict behavior?predict behavior?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
TraitTrait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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End of Chapter 1End of Chapter 1