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CoronavirusCoronavirus discovery in discovery in Hong KongHong Kong
Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong Kong
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What is a virus?
Flu virus Host
2009 Swine flu
Seasonal fluhuman
Pig
human
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What is a virus?
Zika virus
reservoir
Microcephaly
Human
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What is a virus?
Coronavirushosthost??Human
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What is a coronavirus?
Size: 100nm
100µm (animal cell)
1000x
100mm (10cm; Orange)
1000x
Genetic material:RNA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviridae
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Viruses
DNA virus
RNA virus
Retrovirus
e.g. Herpesvirus
e.g. Coronavirus
e.g. Lentivirus
human immunodeficiency virus
Virus classification
e.g. Influenza virus
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Coronavirus
RNA virus
SARS-CoV MERS-CoV
Virus classification
SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
MERS-CoV: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus
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Coronavirus
RNA virus
ssRNA (+)
SARS-CoV
MERS-CoV Clin. Microbiol. Rev. April 2015vol. 28 no. 2 465-522
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SARS: 774 deaths and 8096 infections (11/2002-7/2003)
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MERS: 643 deaths and 1806 infections (9/2012-9/2016)
Korea
Saudi Arabia
2013 2014 2015 2016
http://www.who.int/
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Past SARS outbreak (2003) and current MERS outbreak (2012-now)
They are caused by human infection of novel coronaviruses!!
SARS-CoV
MERS-CoV
Human
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Key research area on emerging infectious diseases:
• Discovery of new viruses
• Interspecies transmission
• Pathogenesis
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Key research area on emerging infectious diseases:
• Discovery of new viruses
• Interspecies transmission
• Pathogenesis
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Key research area on emerging infectious diseases
• Discovery of new coronaviruses in Hong Kong
• (2003-2015)
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1) Discovery of SARS-CoV
SARS-CoVDiscovered in 2003
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. April 2015vol. 28 no. 2 465-522
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1) Discovery of SARS-CoV
Lancet 2003
P3 laboratory, HKU
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1) Discovery of SARS-CoV
50 patients - symptoms of SARS (Hong Kong 26/2/2003-26/3/2003)
Collected blood samples
Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus etc.: -ve
Virus culture in different cultured cells
Random RT-PCR assay
Novel coronavirus RNA was detected
Lancet 2003
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Random RT-PCR assay
Genetic material:
RNART DNA sequencingPCR
AUGCGUCGAAUGA…
Novel coronavirus
(SARS-CoV)
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2) Discovery of HCoV-HKU1
SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
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2) Discovery of HCoV-HKU1
Index patient
• January 2004
• M/71
• Fever, cough, sputum
• CXR: infiltration
• Sputum:
• Bacterial culture: -ve
• Paired sera:
• SARS-CoV Ab: -ve
• Discharged on day 5
J Virol 2005
Novel virus??
• Naso-pharyngeal Aspirate:
• Resp. virus: -ve
• Viral culture -ve
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2) Discovery of HCoV-HKU1
• RT-PCR
• Patient sample
• RNA extraction
• RT-PCR
• Novel coronavirus
SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
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Discovery of other animal CoVs
Coronavirus
host??Human
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SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
3) Discovery of Bat SARS CoV
Bat SARS-CoV HKU3
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10K
m
0
MAINLAND CHINA
Shenzhen
Deep Bay
Mirs Bay
New Territories
Kowloon
Hong Kong IslandLantau Island
AirportVictoria Harbor
South China Sea
3) Discovery of Bat SARS CoV• Sampling414 nasopharyngeal/anal swabs
127 bats,
60 rodents,
20 monkeys
11 locations
2004 summer - 2005 spring
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This is one of our sampling trips
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Many bat species in Hong Kong are cave dwellers
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Sleeping bats
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Once they drop into the net, they are trapped
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measuring their weight and length of wing span
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After collecting specimens, the bats will be released back to their natural habitats.
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4) Discovery of Bat SARS CoV
SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
Bat SARS-CoV HKU3
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618 samples, 309 bats of 13 species, 20 locations
Virology 2006
Bat-CoV HKU2Bat-CoV HKU4Bat-CoV HKU5Bat-CoV HKU6Bat-CoV HKU7Bat-CoV HKU8
Other Bat CoVs
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4) Discovery of new bat CoVs
SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
Bat SARS-CoV HKU3
Other Bat CoVs
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5) Discovery of new bird/mammal CoVs
SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
Bat SARS-CoV HKU3
Other Bat CoVs
Other Bird/
mammal CoVs
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3137 mammals and 3298 birds
White-eye CoV-HKU16Sparrow CoV-HKU17Magpie robin CoV-HKU18Night heron CoV-HKU19Wigeon CoV-HKU20Common moorhen CoV-HKU21
Pig CoV-HKU15
J Virol 2012
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6) Discovery of new marine mammal CoVs
SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
Bat SARS-CoV HKU3
Other Bat CoVs
Other Bird/
mammal CoVs
dolphin CoV
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44 Sea lions, 12 Seals and 48 dolphins
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J Virol 2014
Indo-pacific dolphins CoV-HKU22
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Summary
SARS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
Bat SARS-CoV HKU3
Other Bat CoVs
Other Bird/
mammal CoVs
dolphin CoV
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J Virol 2015
Summary
SARS-CoV
MERS-CoV
Interspecies transmission!!
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Other research area on emerging infectious diseases:
• Discovery of new viruses
• Interspecies transmission
• Pathogenesis