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CoverageCoverage
PlanningPlanning
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Module objectives
DEFINE COVERAGE THRESHOLD
DESCRIBE DIFFERENT COVERAGE PLANNING MARGINS
LOCATION PROBABILITY
PENETRATION LOSS
CALCULATE COVERAGE AREAS
At the end of this module you will be able to
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Content of Coverage Planning COVERAGE THRESHOLD
COVERAGE AREA POWER BUDGET
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Coverage Planning
COVERAGE THRESHOLD
COVERAGE AREA
POWER BUDGET
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Coverage ThresholdBasics
Based on the calculated maximum allowed path loss in PBGT, thecoverage threshold can be defined
Coverage threshold depends on margins related to
Location probability (= slow fading)
Fast fading / Interference degradation
Polarization / Antenna orientation loss
Body loss
Penetration losses (vehicle or building)
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Real maximumallowed path loss
Coverage ThresholdDL Calculation Process
function(location probability)
From power budget calculations
function(morphological area)
Okumura-Hata
function(morphological area)
= Maximum allowed path loss => Coverage threshold
Cell radius
Cell area
EIRP -
Minimum allowed receiving level
Slow fading and other margins
Building penetration loss
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When calculating cell radius, LP is 50% by the cell edge and ~75%over the cell area
To get 90% LP, the cell radius has to be reduced
Coverage ThresholdSlow Fading Margin
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
90% ofthe area
Slow fading margin
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ETSI specific margin
Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATIONFrequency (MHz):1800 System: DCS1800
Case description: MS Class: 1
RECEIVING END: BS MS
RX RF- Input Sensitivity dBm -108.00 -100.00 A
Interference Degradation Margin dB 3.00 3.00 B
Body Proximity Loss dB 0.00 2.00 C
Cable Loss + Connectors dB 3.00 0.00 DRx Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 0.00 E
Diversity Gain dB 4.00 0.00 F
Isotropic Power dBm -124.00 -95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-F
Field Strength dBV/m 18.31 47.31 H=G+Z*
TRANSMITTING END: MS BS
TX RF Output Peak Power W 1.00 29.50
(mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 44.70 K
Body Proximity Loss dB 2.00 0.00 L
Isolator + Combiner + Filter dB 0.00 2.20 M
RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output dBm 28.00 42.50 N=K-L-M
Cable Loss + Connectors dB 0.00 3.00 O
TX Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 18.00 P
Peak EIRP W 0.63 562.11
(EIRP = ERP + 2dB) dBm 28.00 57.50 Q=N-O+P
* Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])
BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to
Coverage ThresholdInterference Degrade Margin
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Coverage ThresholdPolarisation / Antenna Orientation Loss
Polarisation or antenna orientation losses depend on the orientationof the mobile antenna (vertical-horisontal)
Typical loss 5-10 dB due to mismatch of polarisation
Sometime taken into account but not always
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Coverage ThresholdBody Loss
Body loss happens because of the existence of the human body
Typical loss 5-10 dB depending on the distance between mobile andhuman body
Typically taken into account in coverage threshold
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Coverage ThresholdPenetration Loss
Penetration losses have to be added as mean value, and standarddeviation need to be taken into account as well
type mean sigma
urban building 15 dB 7 dB
suburban 10 dB 7 dB
in-car 8 dB 5 dB
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Coverage Planning COVERAGE THRESHOLD
COVERAGE AREA
POWER BUDGET
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COMMON INFO DU U SU F O
MS antenna height (m): 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
BS antenna height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 45,0 45,0
Standard Deviation (dB): 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0
BPL Average (dB): 15,0 12,0 10,0 6,0 6,0
Standard Deviation indoors (dB): 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0
OKUMURA-HATA (OH) DU U SU F OArea Type Correction (dB) 0,0 -4,0 -6,0 -10,0 -15,0
WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) DU U SU F O
Roads width (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0
Road orientation angle (degrees): 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0
Building separation (m): 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0
Buildings average height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0
INDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): 22,8 19,8 17,8 13,8 13,8
Coverage Threshold (dB V/m): 59,1 56,1 54,1 50,1 50,1
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -77,2 -80,2 -82,2 -86,2 -86,2
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 1,33 2,10 2,72 5,70 7,99
OUTDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin (dB): 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5
Coverage Threshold (dB V/m): 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 4,39 5,70 6,50 10,69 14,99
Coverage AreaCell range: Example of Dimensioning (EXCEL based calculation)
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After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated
When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken intoaccount
R
OmniA = 2,6 R1
2Bi-sectorA= 1,73 R2
2Tri-sector
A = 1,95 R32
R
R
Coverage AreaCoverage Area in Dimensioning
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Three hexagons Three cells
Coverage AreaHexagons vs. Cells
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Coverage AreaExample of Planning Tool Calculation
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Coverage AreaCell Area Terms
Dominance area
Service area
Coverage area
6dB hysteresis margin
coverage limit
cell coverage range
cell service range
dominancerange
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Coverage AreaEnhancement
Improving link budget Sensitivity Power
Antennas
Reducing the effect of geography BTS antenna heights Good network plan
Technical solutions for improving link budget Combiner by-pass Mast head preamplifier
Booster
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Coverage AreaConclusion
Achievable cell size depends on
Frequency band used (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
Surroundings, environment
Link budget figures Antenna types
Antenna positioning
Minimum required signal levels
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Coverage Planning COVERAGE THRESHOLD
COVERAGE AREA
POWER BUDGET
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Power BudgetBasics
Power budget is used to calculate the maximum allowed path loss
Main factors depend on equipment characteristics
BTS & MS TX power
BTS & MS RX sensitivity
Other factors can be classified into 3 categories and have to beestimated
Loss factors Gain factors
Margins (chapter 5)
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~ 3 5 dB losses
50 70% of signalpower is lost before
even reaching the TX
antenna
Power BudgetLoss Factors
At BS side
Connectors (UL/DL)
Cables (UL/DL)
Isolator (DL)
Combiner (DL)
Filter (UL/DL)
At MS side MS Antenna
Polarization (UL/DL)
Connection (UL/DL)
External cable
m
anyme
ters
cables &connectors
filter
combiner
BS output
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Power BudgetGain Factors
At BS side
Antenna gain (UL/DL) Main antenna parameter
Slight difference between DL and UL The antenna models in use should be defined at the very beginning of the
project
Diversity gain (UL)
Diversity can be implemented in many ways, with different gains LNA gain (UL)
Booster or power amplifier gain (DL)
Frequency hopping gain (UL/DL) FH improves average link quality, but it isnt taken into account in power budget
calculations
At MS side
External antenna
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path loss = 154 dB
combiner
loss = 5 dB
FeederLoss = 4 dB
Rx Sensitivity- 102 dBm
Tx Power45 dBm (30W)
AntennaGain = 16dBi
- 102 dBm
52 dBm
36 dBm
40 dBm
Power BudgetDownlink
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path loss = 154 dBFeederLoss = 4 dB
Tx Power33 dBm (2W)
AntennaGain = 16 dBi
DiversityGain = 4 dB
33 dBm
- 121 dBm
- 101 dBm
- 105 dBm
Rx Sensitivity
-105 dB
Power BudgetUplink
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Power BudgetExamplePower budget
GENERAL INFORMATION
Frequency ( 1800 System: DCS1800
Case descri MS Class: 1
RECEIVING END: BS MS
RX RF- Input Sensitivity dBm - 108.00 - 100.00 AInterference Degradation Margin dB 3.00 3.00 B
Body Proximity Loss dB 0.00 2.00 C
Cable Loss + Connectors dB 3.00 0.00 D
Rx Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 0.00 E
Diversity Gain dB 4.00 0.00 F
Isotropic Power dBm - 124.00 - 95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-F
Field Strength dBV/m 18.31 47.31 H=G+Z*
TRANSMITTING END: MS BS
TX RF Output Peak Power W 1.00 29.50
(mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 44.70 K
Body Proximity Loss dB 2.00 0.00 L
Isolator + Combiner + Filter dB 0.00 2.20 M
RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output dBm 28.00 42.50 N=K-L-M
Cable Loss + Connectors dB 0.00 3.00 O
TX Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 18.00 P
Peak EIRP W 0.63 562.11
(EIRP = ERP + 2dB) dBm 28.00 57.50 Q=N-O+P
* Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])
LINK-BALANCE EVALUATION UL DL
Theoretic Isotropic Path Loss dB 152.00 152.50 R=Q-G
Isotropic Path Loss to be considered dB 152.00 UL Limited Min (UL,DL)
Path Loss unbalancement dB 0.50 Abs (UL-DL)
TX RF Max Output Power to be used dBm 30.00 44.20
BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to
1 2
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Power BudgetConclusions
Power budget has to be balanced, even if the BTS has higher TXpower than the MS
Diversity gain is for UL only
BTS RX sensitivity is better than for the MS
The maximum allowed path loss is usually UL limited
There are as many power budgets as different site configurationsare defined, even into the same project
The site configurations in use should be defined at the very beginning of
the project
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Exercises / Questions List the margins needed for the coverage planning
threshold!
Define the outdoor planning threshold for theGSM1800 network when STD = 9 dB and therequired outdoor area location probability = 95 %.
Calculate slow fading margin for 95% probabilitywhen STD = 7, 8, 10 (Excel exercise, OPTIONAL).
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Exercises / Questions Calculate the power difference of TXMS = 33 dBm andTXBTS
= 8 W in dB units.
Calculate the power imbalance for the GSM1800system
when TXMS = 30 dBm, TXBTS = 43 dBm,
SENSITIVITYMS = -100 dBm and SENSITIVITYBTS = -108 dBm. Combinerunit is
not used.
What is the maximum path loss for a goodconnection inthe previous exercise?
Calculate the required gain for the LNA to reduce
the 4 dBcable loss when NFLNA = 2.0 dB and NFBTS = 4.0 dB
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References
1. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals,John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems,McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1990.
3. W.C. Jakes, Jr., (ed.), Microwave Mobile Communications,
Wiley-Interscience, 1974.
4. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planningfor GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.