The Urban Safety and Societal Security Research Center (URBSEC)
University of Gothenburg and Chalmers, Sweden
Seminar September 30, 2015
CP-UDP and CPTED
Crime Prevention through Urban Design,
Planning, and Management
A General Introduction
Paul van Soomeren
DSP-groep, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(www.DSP-groep.eu)
September 2015
Paul van Soomeren, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September2015
DSP-groep: www.dsp-groep.nl European Designing Out Crime Association: www.e-doca.eu
EU COST action TU 1203: http://costtu1203.eu
A set of European Standards for Secure Cities
Safe & Secure cities through Urban Design, Planning
and Management: standardizing the process
Urban Millenium
Kofi Anan:
"The world has entered
the Urban Millennium".
Urbanization: new problems
UN 'International Crime Victim Survey' (ICVS):
“urbanisation is the strongest predictor
for crime and victimisation”
Urbanisation: three common urban trends
■ Growth of cities
■ Problems with integration(e.g. Stockholm and Paris riots in banlieues)
Especially when strict ties are loosened
and immigration is high
■ Cities are a honey pot of criminal opportunities (more phones, lap tops, cars,
credit cards, scooters, electronics ….)
How to measure crime?
■ Police data (dark number)
■ Victimisation surveys (like ICVS UN)
allpolice judge
all crimes justice
Why use victimization monitoring?
The big crime funnel (WODC The Netherlands)
Estimated:
8 - 9 mln
‘crimes’
yearly
1,2 mln
crimes
known to
police
0,21
crimes0,13
crimes
0,24
sanctios
justice judge sanctions
policejustice Tenuitvoer-
leggingcrime
Bron: uitgaven Criminaliteit en rechtshandhaving. CBS, WODC
Crime: diverse phenomenon
- city/country
- high/low
Overall victimisation for 10 crimes; one year prevalence rates
in 2003/2004 (%) of main cities and national populations of 28
countries. 2002-2005 ICVS and 2005 EU ICS
Not all countries are participating in
International Crime Victim Survey
In that case only police figures on
crime available (beware op biases!)
25 types of crime (EU, 2003)
Opportunistic crimes: > 50%CP-UDP is mostly on opportunistic petty crime and fear of crime
Note: discussion on terrorism (how opportunistic is terrorism?)
Besides crime also
fear of crime and
feelings of insecurity,
a related but different
phenomenon
which may be even more
important nowadays
(crime dropped, fear still high)
Fear of Crime - Feelings of insecurity
■ Objective (crimes) versus subjective (feelings)
■ But: "If men define situations as real, they are real in
their consequences." Fear can poison a community
Tackling crime and fear of crime:
From criminology towards crime science
The endless nature and nurture debate
Nature or Nurture
“what policy-makers need most is not a scientific explanation of
crime, but a manageable method for tackling it: crime science”
A pragmatic way out
Nature or Nurture
opportunity theory:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
Jan van Dijk: crime boom & bust cycle
Explaining the crime drop: security
hypothesis works (=CP-UDP)
17
Situation
offender victim / target
Theories (1960-80)
■ Chicago school (city as a laboratory, neighbourhood, social desorganisation, quanti+quali methods/mapping)
■ Jane Jacobs (eyes on the street)
■ C. Ray Jeffery (human behaviour, the brain)
■ Oscar Newman (ownership/territoriality)
■ Environmental criminology (Brantinghams/Weisburd): offenders behaviour + criminology of place
■ Situational approach (Ron Clarke & Pat Mayhew; specific to crime, place, time, group. Simple/practical. Multi agency)
■ Target hardening/fortresses/rock hard approach
Stakeholders: old and new approach in
Europe
New = multi agency in partnership
■ Not only law enforcement (justice/police)
■ Also other participants: business, local authorities,
education, planning & design & architecture, social
institutions, etc.
Urban safety and security strategies:
three basic principles
Early intervention and planning
Invest in youth
Invest in early stages design/planning process
Integrated Approach
Include e.g. education, health, urban planning/housing,
economic development, employment,
immigration, poverty
Quality management: plan-do-check-act
(like the ISO 9000 standards)
Experience in other disciplines
■ Health: designing out epidemicsHuge progress thanks to engineers, technicians, city maintenance,
architects and urban planners (clean water, good sewage systems).
■ Fire: designing out fire disastersFrom the 16th century onwards: standards, building codes, urban planning, architecture and engineering that did the trick.
■ Traffic: designing in traffic safety Reductions of people killed by technical solutions (air bags, safer cars), urban planning and engineering/design: traffic flow, roundabouts, speed bumps, road closures, shared space.
In short: its Planning and Design
■ Standardisation: one set of concepts, same terminology
and process
■ Evidence based working
Current situation in crime prevention:
many ideas and many participants
■ Situational Approach
■ Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
■ Defensible Space (DS)
■ Designing Out Crime (DOC)
■ Design Against Crime (DAC)
■ Crime Prevention through Urban Design and Planning (CP-UDP)
Differences in terminology, approaches, schemes and processes, lack of evaluations/evidence based working …
■ Standardisation facilitates communication between
different participants working on one process or project,
e.g. a crime prevention project
■ Standards facilitate cooperation and collaboration
making processes more transparent
■ Use these standards in building codes, urban planning,
housing, etc.
Analysing local situations (e.g.
neighbourhood) in a standardized way
(process) using standard methods
then take from the CP-UDP manuals what
you need and implement that
but adapt to the local situation (level,
stakeholders, planning stage,
neighbourhood)
+Security/target hardening in national laws and
building codes
3 types of standardsfocus now on process
ProcessesProducts/
materials
Services
EU standards on crime prevention products
■ EN 50130-501136: alarm systems
■ EN 1522/1523: bullet resistance of doors and windows
■ ENV 1627-1629: burglary resistance of windows, doors and shutters
■ EN/ISO 12543: glass in windows
■ EN 1143: secure storage
■ Etc.
28
Standardising services
■ Certifications schemes (e.g. ICA, universities)
■ Proof that a person or organisation is well educated
and works state of the art
■ Certified CPTED practitioner®
-Umbrella organizations (ICA, E-DOCA) make this type
of standards (and/or Universities).
-Netherlands RCE: Registrated Cpted Expert
Standardising a processplan-do-check-act (Demming)
Other worldwide standards too:
■ ISO 14000 on sustainability
■ ISO 31000 on risk management
■ System Engineering (e.g. ISO 14288, System and
Software Engineering)
■ DNGB certification (Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Nachhaltiges Bauen)
■ Etc.
European Standard on crime prevention
by urban planning and building design
CEN: European Committee for Standardization
A standard: technical document to be used as a rule,
guideline or definition
It is a consensus-built, repeatable way of doing
something.
European TC 325 standard on:
Urban Planning +
for
Prevention of crime +
in
New environments +
CEN 14383 series
Building Design
Fear of crime
Existing environments
Building products + security devices are excluded
Working groups of Technical Committee 325
TC325
WG1
Terminology
EN 14383-1
WG2
Urban Planning
ENV 14383-2
TR 14383-2
WG3
Building Design
- Dwellings
- Shops/offices
- Petrol station
- Public transport facilities
- etc.
A simple set of standards: basics only
1. Terminology
2. Urban planning
■ 3 simple questions: where, what, who
■ Basic principles
■ Standardized process
3. Set of sub standards on building design of specific buildings
Dwellings
Shops and Offices
Etc.
I’ll focus on the European urban planning
standard: TR 14383-2
Note:
■ 52 pages text
■ Incl. appendixes 20 pages
■ Start 1997/finish 2003
■ Re-edit 2003-2007
■ 10 years!
■ But ok: 33 countries
consensus
Review
Download from:
http://costtu1203.eu
Buy TR 14383-2 for 1.095 SEK (!!)
from Swedish standards Institute
SIS-CEN/TR 14383-2:2008■ Language
■ Swedish
■ Written by
■ Brottsförebyggande genom stadsplanering och byggnadsutformning, SIS/TK 208
■ International title
■ Prevention of crime - Urban planning and design - Part 2: Urban planning
■ Article No.
■ STD-63581
■ Edition
■ 1
■ Approved
■ 2008-03-12
■ Pages
■ 52
■ Subject
■ Protection against crime13.310
■ Physical planning. Town planning 91.020
Contents European Standard
Urban planning: 3 decisions to make
■ Where?Location, boundaries, postal codes
Define the area/neighbourhood
■ What?What is the crime problem?
■ Who?Stakeholders. Who is involved?
ProcessResponsible body decides: where
(area), what (types of problems),
who (stakeholders)
Mission statement: objectives,
working group start, audits
1. Crime review/assessment: what
is – will be – the problem?
2. Requirements that have to be
met
3. Plan, Scenarios, Strategies,
Costs, Anticipated effects
4. Decision Responsible Body
(go/no go)
5. Action and implementation
6. Audit & evaluation
7. Monitor & Corrective Action
Four annexes (informative)
A. Crime assessment (new environments) = assess risks
Offender, guardian and victim/target
Burglary, vandalism, street violence, car crime, theft,
arson and … fear of crime
B. Crime review (existent environment) = show risks
Physical info, socio-democraphic info, crime data, safety audit
data
C. Fear of crime (explanation)
D. Safety audit framework (basis design principles)
Urban planning strategies
Social/physical structures,
Guarantee accessibility,
Avoiding enclaves,
Creating vitality,
Mixed status,
Adequate urban density,
Avoiding physical barriers
and waste land,
Etc.
Urban design
strategies
Layout, specific
location of
activities, natural
surveillance,
Visibility,
Accessibility,
Territoriality,
Attractiveness,
Robustness.
Management strategies
Target hardening/removal,
Maintenance,
Surveillance (patrolling,
camera monitoring),
Rules (for conduct of the
public in public spaces),
Providing infrastructures,
Communication.
Basic principles (annex D in the standard)
Manual explaining standard (2007)
■ General introduction
■ Three chapters on strategies
■ Urban Planning
■ Urban Design
■ Management
http://costtu1203.eu/downloads/other-documents/
Standard + manual = great combination!
■ Handbook = English
■ Manuale = Italiano
■ Manuel = Francais
■ Manual = Espagnol
Critique on standard (survey 26 COST-countries)
■ Basic principles are not always correct: in specific
environments, specific crimes need other approaches
■ Basic principles are often ‘too much Jane Jacobs’
■ Ideas for innovation and changes (SWOT survey in
COST 26 countries by Paul van Soomeren)
http://costtu1203.eu/downloads/cost-tu1203s-results/
Update & innovation of standard
■ EU COST action TU 1203
■ Start 2013 – end 2017
■ Focus on contents and dissimination
■ 26 EU countries participating + Israel & Turkey
■ Best and latest expertise
■ Case studies
■ Let’s make …
European CPTED standard
still great serie of standards
CEN 14383
Manchester, May 13th-15th
«Safer Places», UK Home Office, 2004
Assessment tools: the comparison
Characteristics Strengths Weaknesses
• Unique tool for the country
• Initial planning phase
• Creation of detailed technical
report
• Departmental Commission
evaluation
• Clear or detailed scheme
for designers
• Integration freedom for
the local entities
• Lyon: municipality
commission
• Lack of technical training
• Lack of support to
designers (not for the
Lyon case)
• Absence of municipality
autonomy
• Model rigidity
• Costs.
• Evaluation by the Police with the
ad hoc office
• Process defined by the office
• Documents editing by the office
• Design support as an essential
step
• Reduced obligation
threshold level
• Research center as a
support
• Limited costs
• Lightness of the
Assessment tool
• High technicality of
assessment tool
• Absence of prevention
experts in the
commisision
• Voluntary evaluation
• In depth exploratory phase
• Support to the design phase
• Complex product, compliant with
the CEN Norm
• Scientific accuracy and
flexibility
• Consensus and support
• Coherence with the CEN
norm
• Lack of institutional
reference
• High costs
• Non obligatory
indications
A valuable Standard on Safe and Secure Cities!
Does standardisation work in crime
prevention?
■ Secured by Design UKRachel Armitage & Leanne Monchuk, 2010
■ Politie Keurmerk Veilig Wonen® NetherlandsOberon Nauta DSP-groep, 2004
■ Étude de sûreté et de sécurité publique
(ESSP) France
Evaluation available?
■ Several other evaluations
It really works! But there is more proof:
More security
=
Lower risk
Europe: more security = less burglaries
REhChh
Standardisation of Crime Prevention by
opportunity reduction works!
But …
fear of crime
and
feelings of insecurity,
When security is too visible … something went
wrong: include safety and security beforehand
The waterbed effect: displacement?
■ Temporal – offenders change the time at which they
commit crime
■ Spatial – offenders switch from targets in one location to
targets in another location
■ Target – offenders change from one type of target to
another
■ Tactical – offenders alter the methods used to carry out
crime, and
■ Offense – offenders switch from one form of crime to
another
Studies show: a city is not a waterbed!
■ Besides displacement of crime there is also diffusion of benefits
■ Displacement is NOT that much of a problem
Guerette, R., & Bowers, K. (2009). Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: A review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 47(4), 1331-1368.
In conclusion … ehr …
Compare experiences
■ Is high-rise social sustainable?
■ Amsterdam Bijlmermeer renovation: € 1.6 billion
■ Barcelona Bellvitge: still going strong thanks to police +
shops
■ USA + UK experience: demolishing high-rise
■ Asia: loads of high rise still going strong (Korea > 50%)
Learning by comparing!? EU COST action network TU 1203
Lessons learned■ CPTED works!
■ Forget ideology: what works, what doesn’t?
Evidence based approach. Learning to do better. Compare
■ Include CPTED-approach in laws, standards, building codes and regulations works!
■ Multi agency and partnership approach: include others
■ Learn from other countries, projects, cities
■ Always include:■ Victim
■ Offender
■ Situation
■ Crime & Fear of Crime
■ It’s not only justice/police, nor security:
broaden perspective …. housing, planning, design …
… YOU TOO!
Paul van Soomeren, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 2015
DSP-groep: www.dsp-groep.nl European Designing Out Crime Association: www.e-doca.eu
EU COST action TU 1203: http://costtu1203.eu
Thank you!