![Page 1: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret
chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be
applied to colourless substances.c) Identify substances and test their purity by melting
point and boiling point determination and by paper chromatography.
d)Explain the importance of purity in substances in everyday life. Eg. in foodstuffs and drugs.
![Page 2: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chromatography
method of separating and identifying mixtures;
used to separate the solutes in a mixture
Eg. to identify artificial dyes in food
can be used to identify very tiny amounts of substances
![Page 3: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chromatography
![Page 4: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chromatography
![Page 5: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromatography
principle involved depends upon the different solubilities of the substances in the mixture in the solvent used – the most soluble solute will be the most soluble solute will be carried quickly up the paper carried quickly up the paper with the solvent while the least with the solvent while the least soluble solute will be left soluble solute will be left behindbehind..
Steps involved
![Page 6: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chromatography
a dye strongly adsorbed onto paper, and not very soluble in solvent will be left behind
a dye weakly adsorbed onto paper, and very soluble in solvent will be carried furthest
simulation
![Page 7: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromatography
ensure that the spots are above the spots are above the solventsolvent; and the solvent just touches the tip of the paper
solvent front
Start line drawn with
pencil
![Page 8: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chromatography - uses
To separate (a) pigments from plants; (b) dyes from ink; (c) amino acids from proteins for analysis.
To identify poisons and drugs, or to detect traces of unlawful dyes or other additives in foodstuffs.
To determine the purity of a given substance.
![Page 10: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Criteria of Purity
Pure substance- substance with no other substances mixed
with them- has fixed (sharp) melting point and boiling
point
- Mixture
• A mixture does not have definite properties.
• It melts or boils over a range of temperatures
![Page 11: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Checking the Purity
Checking its melting point Checking its boiling point
No two substances have the same pair of melting and boiling pts. Hence melting and boiling pts. can be used to identify a substance.
Using chromatography
![Page 12: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Determination of boiling point
![Page 13: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Checking purity - with mpt. & bpt
Impurites will lower the melting point and raise the boiling point
For an impure substance, the temperature does not stay constant during boiling/melting.
![Page 14: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Checking purity - using chromatography
A pure substance will give only one spot in the chromatogram.
Pure substance
Mixture
![Page 15: Criteria of Purity a) Describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms b) Describe how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649e4c5503460f94b41ff2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mixtures
Pure substances
Melting/Boiling pt.
Chromatography
Can be differentiate
d by
Has sharp melting/boiling point
Melts/boils over a
range of temperatur
es
Produces only one spot
Produces more than
one spot