Download - Critical thinking1
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CRITICAL THINKING
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WHAT IS “CRITICAL THINKING”?
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WHY DOES IT MATTER?
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TRUTH VS. HUMAN NATURE…
Macro level context…
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MONEY
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POWER
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THE BIG LIE
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ABSOLUTE POWER
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JOSEPH GOEBBELS:ON THE "BIG LIE"
• “If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it. The lie can be maintained only for such time as the State can shield the people from the political, economic and/or military consequences of the lie. It thus becomes vitally important for the State to use all of its powers to repress dissent, for the truth is the mortal enemy of the lie, and thus by extension, the truth is the greatest enemy of the State.”
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NOTHING NEW!
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RELATIONSHIPS
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INFOTAINMENT
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IGNORANCE / HONEST MISTAKES
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IMAGINATION
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DEMETER, PERSEPHONE, AND HADES
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THE CHILD-LIKE MIND
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WHAT DO YOU SEE?
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JOYS OF FANTASY
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WRITERS ARE HUMAN BEINGS TOO!
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CRITICAL THINKING FOR READERS:HOW TO
Overview:
Do
IT
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THE CORE TYPES OF INFLUENCE
• PATHOS = Emotions
• ETHOS = Credibility
• LOGOS = Evidence
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OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE
• Objective = fact-based, measurable, (universally) observable
• Subjective = opinions / interpretations / points of view / emotional judgment
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DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING
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EXAMPLES OF FALLACIES
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ON PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION
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BEWARE• Assumptions
• Presumptuous claims
• Dogma
• Superstition
• Pseudoscience
• Slander
• Defamation
• Hysteria
• Phobias (irrational)
• Prejudice
• Magical thinking / scenarios
• Hype
• Delusions
• Fantasy
• Lies and Fraud
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REASON AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Formulation of a question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Testing
• Analysis
• Peer access and review
• Right to change worldview
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THE BALONEY DETECTION KIT CHECKLIST
• How reliable is the source of the claim?
• Does the source make similar claims?
• Have the claims been verified by somebody else?
• Does this fit with the way the world works?
• Has anyone tried to disprove the claim?
• Where does the preponderance of evidence point?
• Is the claimant playing by the rules of science?
• Is the claimant providing positive evidence?
• Does the new theory account for as many phenomena as the old theory?
• Are personal beliefs driving the claim?
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IDENTIFY ARGUMENT COMPONENTS
1.Topic2.Motive3.Claim4.Support
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Claims
Support?
Reasoning?
(Proof)
Topics
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WEAK ARGUMENTS
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TYPES AND LEVELS OF CLAIMS
claim
Mini claim
Mini claim
claim
Mini claim
Mini claim
“Thesis” = Master Claim
Support
SupportSupport
Support
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TYPES OF EVIDENCE / SUPPORT
• Textual: Quotes, paraphrases, summaries
• Stories or anecdotes
• Statistics
• Expert Authority
• Visuals: graphics, charts, etc.
• Historical facts
• Analogies: Comparisons, metaphors, and similes
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MOTIVES AND CONTEXT• When and where did the author of this content live?
• Why was this content created?
• Why are you reading it?
• What is the author trying to achieve with this piece?
• What is the author trying to achieve with his career or even life?
• Did social, economic, political, or other forces affect the author?
• What events occurred in the author’s past that could have shaped his worldview?
• What other works has this author done? Is there a theme to or thread through his works?
• Did this work have an editor?
• Did this work have a ‘target market’ it was focused on satisfying?
• YOU bring yourself to this exercise! Consider your own humanity! The writer of the piece has that same humanity and lives amongst the same micro, macro, physical and psychological forces.
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DICTION AND TONE• What are they?
• Are they shifting?
• These can reveal or ‘tip’ the FULL meaning and implications of a chunk of text.
GENRE
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BEWARE PARAPHRASES
• Check the Works Cited!
• Make the effort to actually track down some of those works that were cited!
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THINKING / CLARIFYING TOOLS
• Dialectic journal
• Matrix
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CRITICAL THINKING CAN BE CRITICAL TO YOU!
MLA
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CONTINUE YOUR JOURNEY
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CONCLUSION
“Dreamers often lie”
Logos
Ethos
Pathos
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THE GREATEST SLIDESHOW EVER!!!9 out of 10 fairy queens approve!