Download - Cytoplasm(Author v.mazuru)
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Cytoplasm
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Components
Cytosol (Hyaloplasm)
Organelles
Inclusions
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Cytosol
- H20
- Macroelements (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates)
- MicroelementsFunctional states
Sol Gel
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Organelles
- Suspended in the cytosol
- Provide cell’s specific functions
- Permanent- Required for the cell life
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Organelles classifications
1. By the rate of spreading
2. By the structure
3. By the function
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(1) By the rate of spreading
General ImportanceIn all the cells
1. Ribosomes
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum4. Golgi Apparatus
5. Lysosomes
6. Peroxisomes
7. Mitochondria8. Centrosome
9. Cytoskeleton
Special ImportanceOnly in some cells
1. Microvilli
2. Cilia (StereoC, KinoC)
3. Flagellum4. Tonofibrils
5. Myofibrils
6. neurofibrils
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(2) By the structure
MembranousNon-membranous
1. Ribosomes
2. Centrosome
3. Cytoskeleton
The endomembraneis present
The endomembraneis absent
1. rER
2. sER
3. GA
4. L
5. P
6. M
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(3) By the function
Synthetic
1. R
2. rER
3. sER
4. GA
Structural
1. CS
2. C
Digestive Energetic
1.L
2. P1.M
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Ribosomes
1. Two subunits (Small 40S; Large
60S)
2. rRNA
3. Produced in nucleolar organizer4. Combined only in translation; in
resting state subunits stay apart
5. Polysomes – ribosomal complexes
6. Protein synthesis for own needs
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Anastomozing system of cisterna
and channels
2. Continuation of the outer nuclear
membrane
3. Ribosomes inserted to the outer
face of endomembrane
4. Proteins synthesis for the export
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Continuation of rER
2. No Ribosomes
3. Synthesis of lipids andCarbohydrates
4. Drugs detoxification (liver,
kidneys)
5. Ca2+ starage
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Golgi Apparatus
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Golgi Apparatus
GA Functions
1. post-synthetic processing
of the substances
2. Sorting3. Packaging
4. Lysosomes formation
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Lysosomes
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Lysosomes
1. Produced by GA
2. Enzymes (acidic hydrolases)
3. Digestion of all
macromolecules types4. Protonic pumps on the
surface
Types:
a. Primaryb. Secondary (Phagosomes)
c. Tertiary (Residual bodies)
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Types of digestion
1. Heterophagy -substances which entered to
the cell by endocytosis
2. Autophagy – digestion ofthe own old components
3. Crinophagy – specific forendocrine glands (maturation
of the hormones)
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Peroxisomes
1. Shape - spherical
2. Origin – from ER by buding
3. Functions:
- Reduction of ROS (H2O2)CATALASE – their MARKER
- Digestion of VLCFA (Very
Long Chain Fatty Acids)
- Digestion of Purines- Synthesis of cholesterol
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Mitochondria
1. Two membranes (outer is
smooth, outer forms the cristae)
2. IM Space – similar to the cytosol
except molecules >5000 daltons
3. Crista space – filled with matrix(REDOX enzymes, ATP enzymes)
4. Has its own DNA
5. Possesses ribosomes
6. High concentration of Ca2+
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Cytoskeleton
1. The largest organelle2. Three components
3. Dense fibrilar meshwork
throuout all the cell
4. Functions
a. Cell shape
b. Cell moving
c. ICJ formation
d. Mitotic spindle formation
e. Cytokinesis
f. The core of microvilli, cilia,
flagella
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Cytoskeleton
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Centrosome
1. Two centrioles
2. Microtubules
3. Each centriole - 9 triplets
4. Each triplet – tubule A,B,C
5. Formation of mitotic
spindle
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Microvilli
1. Apical elongations of Epithelial cells
2. Have a core of actin microfilaments
3. Form the “BRUSH BORDER”
4. Enhance the efficiency of absorption
5. Location – Intestine, kidneys
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Cilia and Flagellum
1. Have a core of microtubules
covered by the cell membrane
2. The core is Axoneme (9x2)+2
3. At the basis – BASAL BODY (9x3)
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Inclusions
1. Surrounded by endomembrane
2. Have a content
3. Transitory structures of cytoplasm
4. Are not required for cell lifeTypes:
a. Pigmental
b. Secretory
c. Excretory
d. Trophic (nutritious)
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Lipid droplets Glycogen droplets
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Nucleus, Cell Cycle
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Nuclear components
1. Nuclear envelope
2. Nuclear pore-complexes
3. Nucleoskeleton
4. Nucleoplasm5. Chromatin (Eu and Hetero)
6. Nucleolus
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Nuclear envelope
1. Double membrane with a cavity between (perinuclear cisterna)
2. Outer Nuclear Membrane continues with rER
3. Inner Nuclear Membrane is enforced by nucleoskeleton (Laminine
A,B,C)
4. Nuclear pore-complexes
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Nuclear pore-complex
Transport gates Nucles/Cytoplasm
1. Three proteic rings (each ring 8
proteins)
2. Outer (cytoplasmic proteic ring)
has receptors
3. Inner (nucleoplasmic proteic
ring) has a basket with a central
granule
4. Open into the cisterna of rER
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Chromatin
1. Preserves and transmit genetic
information
2. Euchromatin and
Heterochromatin
3. Content: DNA, RNA, histones,non-histones
4. Chromosomes – the highest
level of chromatin condensation
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Euchromatin
1. Decondensed portions of Chromatin
2. Invisible in light microscope
3. Active (participates in transcription)
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Heterochromatin
1. Condensed portions of chromatin
2. Visible in light microscopy
3. Inactive (does not participate in transcription)
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Nucleolus(Nucleolar organizer)
1. The darkest part of the nucleus
2. Formed by 5 chromosomes
3. Present only in interfase
4. Number could vary
5. Consists of 2 parts: granular and
fibrous
6. Function: ribosomal subunits
formation
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Cell Cycle
1. The period of cell life between two mitotic divisions
2. Consists of: Interphase and Cell Division
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Interphase
Period between the divisions
1. G1 (Growth period)
2. S (Synthesis)3. G2 (preparing for a new division)
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G1 Period
1. Right after cellular division
2. Intensive formation of Ribosomes
3. Proteins and enzymes syntesis
4. ATP formation
5. Daughter Cell reestablishes the Mother Cell size
CELL GROWTHS
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S-Period
1. Doubles the amount of DNA (Replication)
2. Doubling of Centosome
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G2-Period
1. Maturation of Centrosome
2. Their migration to the opposite poles of the cell
3. Formation of mitotic spindle
4. ATP synthesis
CELL PREPARES FOR DIVISION
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Cell Division
Mitosis – somatic cells
Meiosis – sex cells
MITOSIS
Absolutely identical reestablishing of Genetic Material in
the daughter cells comparing to the Mother CELL
1. Prophase2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
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Prophase
Key Events:
1. Disassembling of nuclear
envelope2. Chromatin Condensation
(Chromosome appear)
3. Disappears the Nucleolus
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Metaphase
Chromosomes attach
to the tubulines of the
mitotic spindle in the
equatorial plane of thecell.
METAPHASEAL
PLATE
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Anaphase
Synchronous movement of
the chromatids to the
opposite poles of the cell.
Fail of bichromatidic
chromosomes disrupting
leads to the Aneuplodia
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Telophase
Key Events:
1. Reassembling of nuclear
envelope2. Chromatin deondensation
(Chromosome disappear)
3. Reappears the Nucleolus
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Cells not
cyclingG1
S
G2
G0
DNA
synthesis
Mitosis
For a 24 hour cycle,
M Phase lasts about
1 hour.
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Cell Death
Apoptosis
- Genetically programmed
- Cellular components
deacreases- Eventually the dead cell is
disassembled into the small
“apoptotic particles”
Necrosis
- Violent death
- Swelling of the cell
components- Destroying of lysosomes
- Itself digestion
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