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DESIGN MEALS TO MEET SPECIFIC MARKET
REQUIREMENTS
D1.HCA.CL3.04
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Subject Elements
This unit comprises two elements:
Identify markets
Create meals for specific markets
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Assessment
Assessment for this unit may include:
Oral questions
Written questions
Work projects
Workplace observation of practical skills
Practical exercises
Formal report from supervisor
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Element 1:Identify markets
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Identify marketsPerformance Criteria for this Element are:
Identify characteristics of different markets
Identify community markets
Identify different market trends
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Understanding target marketsWhat is a target market?
A food and beverage establishment will not try to be ‘everything to everyone’.
They will focus on segments of the market with similar characteristics:
What are examples of target markets?
What are the benefits of focusing on target markets?
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Understanding target marketsCharacteristics and needs of these markets
The characteristics and needs of these markets, include but are not limited to:
Cultural
Health, dietary
Religious
Fads
Festivals
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Understanding target marketsMeal preferences
Their meal preferences including identification of:
Meals
Ingredients within these meals
Combination of ingredients
Preparation methods
Cookery methods
Presentation methods
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Understanding target marketsDietary, cultural or religious requirements
What requirements do target markets have which can be based on:
Diet
Culture
Religion
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Understanding target marketsConsumer Expectations
Expectations of consumers are difficult to pinpoint, but are nevertheless motivated by the following areas:
Personal preference and knowledge of the diner
Cultural or religious preferences and restrictions
Awareness of the food being eaten
Value for money
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Key factors influencing food choicesThe factors that have a significant influence on food choice are:
Nutrition
Key components of meals
Health requirements
Culture
Religion
Dietary requirements
Food allergies
Vegetarian
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NutritionImportance of nutrition
The food we eat contains nutrients. A nutrient is a source of nourishment found in food and they are needed by the body to:
Provide fuel for energy
Provide materials for growth, repair and maintenance
Provide special elements needed for body processes
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Nutrition
Types of nutrients
The nutrients that the body needs are:
Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
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Nutrition
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the human body's main source of energy.
Carbohydrates are classified as either:
Simple carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates
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Nutrition
Protein
Protein is needed to produce, repair and maintain all the cells throughout the body.
Many foods contain a good source of protein:
Animal proteins
Plant proteins
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NutritionLipids
Lipids are used in the body:
In the structure of cells
To provide insulation
To assist in the transport of fat soluble vitamins
Used as a source of energy
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Nutrition
Lipids
Lipids can be classified as:
Fats
Oils
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Nutrition
Vitamins
Vitamins are micronutrients, meaning they are only needed in very small amounts
Eating a balanced diet as outlined in dietary guidelines will provide most customers with sufficient quantities of these vitamins
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Nutrition
Minerals
Minerals like vitamins are also micronutrients and only needed in very small amounts.
Each of the minerals plays an important role in the body’s daily processes:
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Zinc
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Key components of mealsKey components of menus include:
Proteins
Starches
Vegetables
Flavourings
Cooking methods
Service styles
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Health requirements
Five core food groups
A healthy diet can be achieved by eating a variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day:
Grain foods
Vegetables and legumes/beans
Lean meats, poultry fish, eggs, tofu, nuts, seeds and legumes/beans
Fruit
Milk, yoghurt, cheese or alternatives
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Culture
Importance of culture
The types of customers catered for by the hospitality industry are diverse
Often the expectations customers have about foods, meals and even the style of food service is related to the cultural groups to which they belong
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World cuisines
What makes a cuisine?
Cuisines are as varied as there are countries and communities within those countries.
Cuisine variations can influence the:
Foods that are preferred
Types of meals that are prepared
Style in which food is generally served
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Religion
Food is an important part of religious observance for many faiths.
The role that food plays in each religion is varied and may include:
Food restrictions or fasting
Meal time restrictions
Festivals and celebrations
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Religion
Types of major religions
Major religions that may impact on food choices include:
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
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Religion and food preparation Preparing meals for customers who follow a religion or
set of beliefs may require specific meals
Being aware of the main food restrictions will assist you to meet customer needs
Be guided by the customers as there are differing interpretations of how to implement food restrictions
The most commonly requested food restrictions include the following:
Halal
Kosher
Vegetarian
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Dietary requirements
Special dietary specifications
Low lactose
Lactose intolerant
Renal
Gluten-free
Allergies
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Food allergies
A food allergy is when a person’s immune system reacts to a protein in foods and produces antibodies to ‘fight the protein’.
Common foods which trigger an allergic reaction are:
Seafood
Eggs
Nuts
Milk
Wheat
Soy beans
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Food allergies
Reactions to food allergies
The reactions that can affect the body vary from person to person and can be minor to life threatening.
They include:
Skin
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Cardio-vascular
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Vegetarian dietsWhat is a vegetarian?
The term 'vegetarian' is not clear-cut and includes a wide range of attitudes and eating behaviours
The foods vegetarians eat is often dependant on the reasons or beliefs for following the diet
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Vegetarian dietsReasons for vegetarian diet
Common reasons for following a vegetarian diet for the include:
Religious beliefs
Cultural beliefs
Health related
Cruelty to animals
Economics
Political
Environmental
Aesthetic
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Vegetarian dietsTypes of vegetarian diets
Lacto-ovo vegetarian diet
Lacto vegetarian diet
Vegan diet
Other vegetarian diets:
Semi/demi vegetarian
Pescetarian
Pollotarian
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Lacto-ovo vegetarian
A lacto-ovo vegetarian eats:
Plant foods
Dairy foods
Eggs
A lacto-ovo vegetarian excludes:
Meat and products from all animals:
This includes fish, poultry, insects and game etc.
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Lacto vegetarian
A lacto vegetarian eats:
Plant foods
Dairy foods
A lacto vegetarian excludes:
Eggs
Meat and products from all animals:
This includes fish, poultry, insects and game etc
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Vegan
A vegan eats:
Plant foods
A vegan excludes:
Dairy foods
Eggs
Meat and products from all animals:
This includes fish, poultry, insects and game
It also includes honey
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Community markets
Identify community markets
Specific defined markets are found within each target market
Each market will have segments of customers of various ages
Each age group will have food preferences that should be considered when designing menus and specific meals within these menus
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Community marketsTypes of community markets
Community markets may be related to:
Infants
Children
Older people
Socio-economic groups
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Community markets
Infants
Babies – 0 to 4 months
Babies – 4 to 6 months
Babies – 6 to 8 months
Babies – 8 to 12 months
Infants – 1 to 2 year olds
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Community marketsChildren
Suitable Foods
Whole milk, yoghurt
Fruit – cut up or cooked
Vegetables – cut up or cooked
Rice, pasta, bread, polenta
Low to no sugar cereal
Beans – baked beans, lentils
Chicken, fish and meat
Limited fruit juice
Limited sugar or salt
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Community marketsChildren
Menu suggestions
If you were required to prepare menu items, what would be some healthy suggestions for each of the following meal periods:
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner
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Community markets
Children
Popular meals
What are popular meals that children like?
Are they generally healthy or unhealthy?
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Community marketsChildren
Popular meals
Pasta
Fish fingers
Chicken strips
Pizza
Toasted sandwiches
French fries
Cheese burgers
Macaroni and cheese
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Community marketsOlder people
Classified as over 75 years of age.
A healthy diet is important for elderly people to help:
Maintain mental clarity
Build up immunity
Increase energy levels
Better manage problems associated with chronic illness
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Community marketsOlder people
For each of the following categories, what are suitable items that can be used when designing menus?
Bread, cereals and potatoes
Fruit and vegetables
Milk and dairy products
Meat, fish and meat alternatives
Foods containing fat
Foods containing sugar
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Community marketsOlder people
Menu suggestions
If you were required to prepare menu items, what would be some healthy suggestions for each of the following meal periods:
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner
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Community markets
Socio-economic groups
When designing menus it is important to provide a range of menu items that cater to different economic situations
In summary it is suggested that there are different menu items at different pricing points
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Identify market trendsImportance of understanding trends
The importance of understanding trends is vital to ensure that any menu and the meals within it that you consider introducing:
Has a unique place in the market
Is in fact needed
Is seen as value to the end user
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Identify market trendsInfluences on market trends
Market trends may be influenced by:
Media influence
Contemporary dishes
Seasonal items and availability
Cultural and ethnic influences
Social influences
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Identify market trendsTypes of trends
Trends that can be identified include:
New products
Modified products
Seasonal products
Flood, fire and other natural events
Imported lines
Pre-prepared items
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Identify market trends
Global food and beverage trends
What are different food and beverage trends around the world?
Refer to manual for examples
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Element 2:Create meals for specific markets
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Create meals for specific marketsPerformance criteria for this element are:
Create meals to meet market needs
Create meals to meet customers’ satisfaction
Create meals within a budget
Organise requirements/preferences
Identify resources required for meals
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Creating menus and mealsConsiderations
What needs to be considered when developing:
Menus?
Meals within the menus?
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Elements of a mealElements are all the components that make a dish or menu item complete:
Piece of meat, poultry or fish
Farinaceous component
Vegetables
Sauce
Garnish
Salad
Condiment
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Creating menus and mealsConsiderations when planning menus and meals
Needs of different markets
Sourcing ingredients
Developing suitable recipes
Identification of suitable serve sizes
Presentation of the dishes
Obtaining any new equipment
Training staff
Deciding on the type of menu to be used
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Creating menus and mealsMenu styles
À la carte
Set (table d'hôte)
Cocktail or finger foods
Buffet
Function
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Designing mealsCulinary balance
Meals prepared for customers should take into consideration:
Ingredients
Texture
Colour
Presentation
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Designing meals
Nutritional balance
It is also important to ensure ingredients come from the five core food groups:
Grains
Vegetables and legumes
Protein
Dairy
Fruit
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Designing mealsMethods of cookery
Boiling
Poaching
Steaming
Grilling
Stewing
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Designing mealsMethods of cookery
Braising
Baking
Roasting
Shallow frying
Deep frying
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Selecting appropriate ingredientsSeasonal availability
The advantages of using foods that are in season are:
Foods are at their best quality
Foods are available in abundance and easy to access
Foods are usually cheapest
Selecting fresh foods can assist with meeting dietary needs
Seasonal food can be appealing to discerning customers
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Selecting appropriate ingredients
Ingredients and their climates
What ingredients are found in the following climates?
Cold climates
Warm climates
Tropical climates
Other climates
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Selecting appropriate ingredients
Quality and quantity of ingredients
There is an ever increasing range of ingredients for you to choose from including:
Raw foods
Convenience foods
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Selecting appropriate ingredients
Cultural varieties and ingredients
A similar dish may have cultural variations.
Selecting the most suitable ingredients will require knowledge of these differences.
What flavourings would be used in these rice dishes?
Chinese fried rice
Indonesia nasi goreng
Spanish paella
Italian risotto
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Selecting appropriate ingredients
Storage of ingredients
Stored foods need to be handled correctly:
The storage area needs to be:
Kept clean
Well ventilated
Have appropriate lighting
Food safe shelving
The storage facility needs to be conveniently located
It needs to be in a secure storage area
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Designing meals for specific cuisines
Each cuisine has its own characteristics. These are often based around:
Key Ingredients
Common cooking methods
Being able to identify these will assist you in choosing appropriate meals.
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Designing meals for specific cuisinesMost hotels will provide a wide mix of food options to cater to the different preferences of its local and international customers:
What different cuisines do you know?
What are common food items in these cuisines?
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Cuisine in different countriesChinese cuisine
Kung Pao chicken
Spring rolls/egg rolls
Szechuan hotpot
Szechuan chicken
Mushu pork
Fried rice
Beef with broccoli
Fried dumplings
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Cuisine in different countriesChinese cuisine
Chinese dumpling – jiaozi
Hot and sour soup
Dim sum
Beef fried noodles
Hunan fried tofu
Chow Mein
Wontons
Peking fuck
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Cuisine in different countriesIndian cuisine
Biryani
Butter Vhicken
Vindaloo and Rogan Josh
Tandoori Chicken
Palak Paneer
Chole-Bhature
Dal Makhani
Malai Kofta
Naan Slide 70
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Cuisine in different countriesIndian cuisine
Samosa and Pakodas
Pav Bhaji
Panipuri – Chaats
Kebabs
Aloo Gobi
Lassi – Shakes
Pickles
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Cuisine in different countriesThai cuisine
Tom Yam Goong – spicy shrimp soup
Pad Thai – fried noodle
Kang Keaw Wan Gai – green chicken curry
Gaeng Daeng – red curry
Tom Kha Kai – chicken in coconut milk soup
Tom Yam Gai – spicy chicken soup
Moo Sa-Te – grilled pork sticks with turmeric
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Cuisine in different countriesThai cuisine
Som Tam – spicy papaya salad
Yam Nua – spicy beef salad
Panaeng – meat in spicy coconut cream
Por Pia Tord – fried spring roll
Gai Pad Met Mamuang – stir-fried chicken with cashew nuts
Khao Pad – fried rice
Pak Noong – morning glory
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Cuisine in different countriesVietnamese cuisine
Phở – beef noodle soup
Bún Bò Huế- spicy beef and pork noodle soup
Cơm Tấm – pork dish
Canh Chua – sour soup
Bánh Hỏi – thin noodle dish with meat
Bò Lá Lốt – rolled spiced beef dish
Bánh Mì Thịt – Vietnamese baguette
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Cuisine in different countriesVietnamese cuisine
Vietnamese salad rolls
Bánh Cuốn – rice flour rolls
Bánh Bao – a steamed bun dumpling
Bánh Chưng – sticky rice dish
Bún Măng Vịt – bamboo shoots and duck noodle soup
Bún Chả – grilled pork and vermicelli noodles dish
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Cuisine in different countriesJapanese cuisine
Sashimi – thin slices of raw fish
Sushi – raw fish, served on vinegared rice
Sushi roll – filling is rolled in rice with a covering of nori
Tempura – seafood or vegetables dipped in batter and deep-fried
Kare Raisu – curry rice
Soba, udon and ramen noodles
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Cuisine in different countries
Japanese cuisine
Teppanyaki – meat, seafood and vegetables prepared in front of guests
Donburi – bowl of rice covered with one of a variety of toppings
Sukiyaki – savoury stew of vegetables and beef
Shabushabu – thin slices of beef dipped in a pot of boiling water and stock
Okonomiyaki – savoury Japanese pancake
Yakitori – broiled chicken
Yakiniku – grilled meat
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Cuisine in different countries
French cuisine
Beef stock
Cheeses – brie, camembert, roquefort
Baguette – a long skinny loaf of French bread
Boeuf Bourguignon – traditional French stew
Coq Au Vin – a famous food that is simply chicken
Flamiche – pie crust filled with cheese and vegetables
Salade Nicoise
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Cuisine in different countries
French cuisine
Duck Confit
Foie gras – this is the very fatty liver of a goose or duck
Escargots – snails
Truffes – expensive black mushrooms
Ratatouille
Crepes – thin pancakes
Desserts – flans, ganache, tarts, pastries, crossaints
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Cuisine in different countriesItalian cuisine
Pizza – cooked dough base with various toppings
Chicken Parmigiana
Gelato – Italian ice-cream
Tiramisu – dessert made of biscuits soaked in coffee with layers of whipped mascarpone and egg yolks
Risotto – short grain rice dish
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Cuisine in different countries
Italian cuisine
Mortadella – heat cured sausage
Spumoni – molded Italian ice cream dessert
Cheeses – mozzarella, parmigiano-reggiano
Pasta – cannoli, spaghetti, penne, fettuccine, linguine
Lasagna
Saltimbocca
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Cuisine in different countries
German cuisine
Bratwurst – sausage made of mixed meats
Frankfurter – smoked sausage made from pure pork
Sauerkraut – fermented shredded cabbage
Spätzle – hand-made noodles
Knödel – German dumplings
Kartoffelsalat – potato salad
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Cuisine in different countriesGerman cuisine
Schweinshaxe – pork hock
Eisbein – Ham hock usually served with sauerkraut
Weihnachtsgans – roasted goose
Wiener schnitzel
Strudel
Stollen – a bread-like cake
Apfelkuchen – apple cake
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Cuisine in different countries
Greek cuisine
Baklavas – baklava pastry
Horta Vrasta – boiled leafy greens
Tyropitakia – cheese pie triangles
Kotosoupa Avgolemono – chicken and lemon rice soup
Revithosoupa – chickpea soup
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Cuisine in different countries
Greek cuisine
Classic dips and spreads – Melitzanosalata, Skorthalia, Taramosalata, Tzatziki
Pastitsio or Pasticcio – creamy cheesy baked pasta with meat
Horiatiki Salata – Greek salad
Moussakas – Moussaka with eggplant
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Cuisine in different countries
Greek cuisine
Arni me Patates – roasted lamb with potatoes
Souvlaki – skewered kebabs
Gyro – sliced rotisserie-roasted meat
Spanakopita or Spanakotyropita – spinach pie with cheese
Dolmathes or Dolmades – stuffed grape leaves
Yemista Me Ryzi – meatless stuffed vegetables
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Cuisine in different countries
Spanish cuisine
Pulpo A La Gallega – Galician octopus
Cochinillo Asado – roast suckling pig
Paella – Spanish rice dish
Jamon Iberico and Chorizo – Iberian ham and spicy sausage
Gambas Ajillo – garlic prawns
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Cuisine in different countries
Spanish cuisine
Pescado Frito – fried fish
Tortilla Española – Spanish omelette
Gazpacho – cold tomato soup or liquid salad
Queso Manchego – Spanish sheep cheese
Patatas Bravas – fried potatoes in spicy sauce
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Designing meals for specific religions
Designing meals for customers who follow a specific religion requires a sound understanding of the role of food.
Restrictions may apply to:
Certain foods
Times of the day
It is best to be guided by the instructions you receive as there are many interpretations of these practices.
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Designing meals for specific religions
To design suitable meals it is useful to be aware of the key considerations for the five major religions:
Christianity
Relatively few restrictions
Islam
Avoid pork and pork products, use Halal products
Hinduism
Avoid beef, beef products and alcohol, include vegetarian options
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Designing meals for specific religions
Buddhism
Include vegetarian options
Judaism
Kosher laws apply to many foods
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Designing vegetarian meals
Identify type of vegetarian
You will need to know what type of vegetarian you are catering for:
Lacto-ovo
Lacto
Vegan
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Designing vegetarian meals
Selecting suitable protein
An important consideration will be to ensure that you include suitable protein in the meals:
Dairy
Eggs
Tofu
Grains, nuts, seeds and legumes
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Designing vegetarian meals
Considerations for vegetarian meals
When designing meals for vegetarians consider using:
Vegetable stock
Fresh vegetable base sauces
Dairy replacements
A variety of legumes
A selection of herbs and spices
Sorbet and granita
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Designing meals for food allergies
Customers with food allergens may have a variety of reactions to eating a food containing the allergen.
Make sure you are aware of:
The common food allergens:
Eggs, seafood, nuts, dairy, wheat and soy
Hidden usages in dishes of foods which contain potential allergens
Food handling which minimises cross contamination
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Food production
Consider elements of food production
Producing food in the commercial environment is multidimensional.
Service is about coordinating all these elements:
Organising and preparing all food items ready for service (mise-en-place)
The service equipment clean, heated and stacked ready for service
Heating or cooking the components correctly
Plating the dishes consistently and attractively
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Creating appetising and attractive mealsWhat makes food appealing?
There are a variety of factors which contribute to this. Meals need to be:
Prepared and cooked correctly and appropriately
Satisfying
Nutritionally balanced
Appealing
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Food presentation
The key to attractive and appealing food presentation is to remember there are many elements, including:
Shape
Height
Texture
Colour
Garnish
Additionally consistency of presentation is important.
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Catering to special daysSpecial days and their traditional meals
In any country there are a number of special days that are celebrated.
Give examples of special days:
Celebrated around the world
Specific to your country or region
What meals are traditionally served?
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Catering to special days
Special days
Christmas
Thanksgiving
Chinese New Year
Mother’s Day
Father’s Day
Valentines Day
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Catering to special days
What days of the year are special in your country or region?
Public Holidays
Festivals
Religious Days
Cultural Days
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Customer satisfaction
Deliver what you promise
The food you prepare and serve for customers must be suitable if it is going to meet their expectations.
Key factors include:
Quality ingredients
Consistency of product
Efficient service
Cleanliness
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Customer satisfactionWrite menu ensuring menu balance
Choice of ingredients
Balance of styles
Traditional styles
Contemporary
Variety of taste
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Create menu within budgetKey menu cost components
Each establishment does take the following expenses into consideration:
Cost of ingredients
Labour cost
Overheads
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Create menu within budget
Cost of ingredients
This includes the cost of all ingredients used in the preparation and service of each dish:
What needs to be considered when determining costs?
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Create menu within budget
Labour costs
Direct labour costs
Staff who have specifically prepared or served the food to the diners
Indirect labour costs
Staff whose role supports overall operations
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Create menu within budget
Overheads
Overheads include all expenses incurred in operating a business including:
Power, water and gas
Payable tax and rates
Cleaning and maintenance
Insurance
Leasing and rental costs
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Create menu within budgetDetermining prices
What needs to be considered when determining prices for individual meals?
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Create menu within budgetCost control
The overall objective of any commercial establishment should be to make money which is established by using the following formula:
Gross profit
Sales – cost of ingredients
Net profit
Sales – all costs (wages, cost of ingredients, overheads)
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Create menu within budgetStandard recipes
A standard recipe is a precise record of ingredients, method, serving instructions and cost of any food item on a menu:
What is included in a standard recipe?
Why is it important to have standard recipes?
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Create menu within budget
Portion control
Portion control is to control the quantity of food served to each customer:
What is the purpose of portion control?
How can portion sizes be determined?
How can portion sizes be controlled?
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Create menu within budget
Portion sizes
What are common portion sizes for the following ingredients?
Meat, fish and poultry
Vegetables
Farinaceous
Shellfish
Soup
Sauces
Cakes
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Organise requirementsOrganise requirements/preferences
Depending on the type of function or event that is being held, there may be a number of other requirements, besides the meals themselves that need to be arranged.
What might need to be organised beside meals for:
Special events?
Outdoor events?
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Organise requirementsTypes of requirements/preferences
Function rooms
Outdoor and off site catering
Marquee hire
Transportation
Decorations
Specialist staff
Bands and entertainers
Accommodation
Special requests Slide 114
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Outdoor events and cateringImportance of outdoor events
Why are outdoor events popular?
What types of outdoor events are there?
Where are they normally held?
What infrastructure needs to be organised for these events?
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Outdoor event considerationsOutdoor event considerations
Food, beverage or alcohol
Tables, chairs, stage, grounds keeping, toilets etc
Tent, sheltered or enclosed spaces
Sound and lighting systems
Merchandise sales
Types of customers
Security
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Outdoor event considerationsOutdoor event considerations
Transportation, traffic and parking
Entertainment
Ticket sales
Weather back up plans
Permits or special licenses
Local council restrictions
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Outdoor event considerationsTypes of infrastructure requirements
Power and water supply
Food and beverage equipment
Tables, chairs and related items
Environmental control
Toilets
Emergency services
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Outdoor event considerationsTypes of infrastructure requirements
Car and coach parking
Disabled access
Signage
Waste management
Animals and insects
Weather considerations
Entertainment infrastructure
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Outdoor event considerationsUse of external providers
Florists
Photographers
Party Hire companies
Entertainers
Suppliers of rental technical equipment for audio and visual needs
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Outdoor event considerations
Use of external providers
Printers
Security agencies
Employment agencies
Business support services
Transportation
Clowns and animals
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Identify resources required for mealsThere are a number of resources that need to be considered and arranged when preparing meals for different markets:
What resources are required to make meals?
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Kitchen equipment
Commercial kitchens have a wide range of equipment.
The correct selection of equipment can affect the resulting meals in terms of:
Timeliness
Quality
Suitability
Authenticity
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Kitchen equipment
Small Equipment
Knives
Spoons, tongs
Pots and pans
Large Equipment
Stoves
Grills
Fridges/freezers
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Kitchen equipment
Specialised Equipment
Cooks are usually able to prepare most dishes with the basic requirements.
However, when you are preparing specialised cuisines the equipment you require may also need to be specialised:
What are specialised cuisine items?
What equipment is needed?
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Staffing
Importance of staffing
Naturally staffing is a key resource when making meals.
Considerations include:
Availability of staff
Number of staff
Skills and knowledge of staff
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Selecting suppliers
When choosing a supplier you need to consider the following factors:
The product range
The availability of products
Delivery requirements
Cost
Trading terms