vii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii
PRAKATA ............................................................................................................. iv
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xii
INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang .................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................ 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................. 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ......................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ........................................................................ 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................ 4
1.4.1 Manfaat di Bidang Pendidikan ................................................ 4
1.4.2 Manfaat di Bidang Penelitian .................................................. 4
1.4.3 Manfaat di Bidang Pelayanan ................................................. 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .......................................................................... 5
2.1 Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Kemih ...................................................... 5
2.1.1 Definisi .................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Prevalensi ................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 Patogenesis .............................................................................. 8
2.1.4 Mikrobiologi ......................................................................... 12
2.1.5 Kejadian ISK di ICU ............................................................. 14
viii
2.2 Lama penggunaan kateterisasi urin ................................................ 14
2.3 Hubungan Lama Penggunaan Kateterisasi Urin Terhadap
Jumlah Kuman dan Infeksi Saluran Kemih .................................... 15
2.4 Kerangka Teori ............................................................................... 17
2.5 Kerangka Konsep ........................................................................... 17
2.6 Hipotesis ......................................................................................... 18
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ...................................................................... 19
3.1 Jenis Penelitian dan Rancangan Penelitian ..................................... 19
3.2 Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ................................................. 19
3.2.1 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................ 19
3.2.2 Definisi Operasional ............................................................. 19
3.3 Populasi dan Sampel ....................................................................... 21
3.3.1 Populasi ................................................................................. 21
3.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................... 21
3.4 Instrumen Penelitian dan Bahan penelitian ................................... 23
3.5 Cara Penelitian ................................................................................ 23
3.5.1 Cara Pemilihan Pasien ISK ................................................... 23
3.5.2 Pemeriksaan Spesimen Urin ................................................. 24
3.5.3 Pengambilan data Infeksi Saluran Kemih ............................. 24
3.6 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................ 25
3.6.1 Tempat Penelitian ................................................................. 25
3.6.2 Waktu Penelitian ................................................................... 25
3.7 Analisa Hasil .................................................................................. 25
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ..................................... 26
4.1 Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................... 26
4.2 Pembahasan .................................................................................... 27
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................. 33
5.1 Kesimpulan ..................................................................................... 33
5.2 Saran ............................................................................................... 33
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 34
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 37
ix
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
CHF : Chronic Heart Failure
GERD : Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
ICU : Intensive Care Unit
IMVIC : Indol Metil Voges-Proskauer Citrate
IPCN : Infection Preventive and Control Nurse
ISK : Infeksi Saluran Kemih
KET : Kehamilan Ektopik Terganggu
NYHA : New York Heart Association
PPOK : Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik
STEMI : ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Rute potensial bakteri menginfeksi saluran kemih ............................. 9
Gambar 2.2. Pembentukan biofilm bakteri ............................................................ 11
Gambar 2.3. Kerangka Teori .................................................................................. 17
Gambar 2.4. Kerangka Konsep .............................................................................. 17
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 4. 1. Karakteristik Sampel Pasien Kateterisasi Urin Berdasarkan Jenis
Kelamin, Usia, Durasi Kateterisasi, dan Underlying Disease............. 26
Tabel 4. 2. Hubungan Kateterisasi Urin Terhadap Infeksi Saluran Kemih
(ISK) .................................................................................................... 27
xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Data Penelitian .................................................................................. 36
Lampiran 2. Hasil Uji Statistik.............................................................................. 37
Lampiran 3. Ethical Clearance ............................................................................ 38
Lampiran 4. Foto Bukti Penelitian ........................................................................ 39