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Daily Life During the War and the Allied Offensive
21.3 and 21.4
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Regulating Wages and Prices
• The war made wages and prices rise– High demand for workers and resources
• FDR feared inflation would occur• Office of Economic Stabilization (OCES)-
regulated wages and farm products• Office of Price Administration (OPA)-
regulated all other prices• War Labor Board (WLB)- mediated wage
disputes to prevent strikes
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Rationing• Limiting the purchasing of
goods and resources• Common items: meat,
sugar, gasoline, rubber, coffee, shoes
• Households given monthly ration books
• Blue coupons- needed them to buy processed foods
• Red coupons- controlled meats, fats, and oils
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Other Civilian Contributions• Victory Gardens- – Citizens planted gardens to produce more food for
the war effort– Public and private lands everywhere turned into
gardens• Scrap Drives- – The military needed certain raw materials; aluminum,
tin, steel, rubber, fats, oils, etc.– People donated their household items that were
made of these materials– These drives involved the citizens and boosted their
morale
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Footing the Bill• During the conflict, the
U.S. spent $300 billion• Taxes were increased but
not to the extent FDR wanted (only covered 45% of cost)
• War bonds– Most common was the E
bond—purchased for $18.75 and redeemed for $25 in 10 years
– Individuals ($50 billion) and financial institutions ($100 billion) bought them
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The Allied Powers on the Offensive
• The Allies’ success in North Africa showed them an invasion by sea was possible
• Casablanca Conference (1943)- Churchill and FDR met in Casablanca, Morocco to discuss the next phase of the war
• They decided on two things:– Bomb Germany to destroy “the German military,
industrial, and economic system, and [undermine]…the morale of the German people.”
– Attack the Italian island of Sicily (the “soft underbelly”)
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Bombing Germany
• The U.S. and Great Britain bombed Germany before the Casablanca Conference but increased the amount after it
• January 1943-May 1945: British and U.S. air forces dropped 53,000 tons of explosives on Germany every month
• Effects: – Caused severe oil shortage– Wrecked railroad system– Destroyed many German aircraft factories
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Invading Sicily
• Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower commanded the attack
• Gen. George Patton (U.S.) and Gen. Bernard Montgomery (G.B.) headed ground forces
• Invaded on July 10, 1943 and Germans evacuated island by August 18
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The Axis Response to Invasion
• King Victor Emmanuel of Italy deposed Mussolini and began negotiating the country’s surrender
• Germans take control of northern Italy and return Mussolini to power
• This the stage for brutal fighting between the Allies and the Axis Powers at Cassino and Anzio
• In May 1944, the Germans finally retreated but fighting in Italy continued
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Tehran Conference• Before invasion of France, FDR
and Stalin wanted to meet• FDR, Stalin, and Churchill met in
Tehran, Iran in 1943• Several agreements reached:
– Stalin would launch full-scale offensive
– U.S. and U.S.S.R. would split Germany after the war
– U.S.S.R. would help U.S. against Japan once Germany defeated
– International peace-keeping organization after the war
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Next Week
• On Monday, we will discuss D-Day