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Data Driven Drilling and Rate of Penetration Optimization
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Background
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Drilling
Pump flow rate (GPM)
Rotary speed (RPM)
Drilling Rig
Weight on bit (WOB)
Drilling bit
Rate of Penetration(ROP)
Drilling Fluids
Formation 2
Formation 1
Sect
ion
vPump flow rate (GPM)
Rate of Penetration (ROP)
vRotary Speed (RPM)
vWeight on bit (WOB)
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ROP OptimizationThe Rate of Penetration (ROP):
𝜔𝑖 : a weight given for each drilling parameter.
The optimum ROP is defined as the fastest ROP for a particular well, drilling through a particular formation, while minimizing drilling Non-Productive Time (NPT).
)𝑹𝑶𝑷 = 𝒇(𝝎𝟏𝑾𝑶𝑩,𝝎𝟐𝑹𝑷𝑴,𝝎𝟑𝑮𝑷𝑴 .
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Motivation
No single system satisfactory predicts/optimize ROP globally
v Physics Approaches [Bingham, Maurer, Teale]: Does not incorporate static and dynamic parameters. Requires data we do not have, such as rock Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS).
v Data Based Approaches [Moran, Alkatatny, Ahmed] : Previous work is done for one specific field/formation.
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Objective
Need for a robust ROP optimization in real-time to recommend the controllable dynamic drilling parameters
(WOB, RPM, GPM).
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The Proposed Approach
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The Proposed ApproachAn integrated Two-phase data-driven rate of penetration optimization system.
Phase One [Historical]: Geologically Driven and Historical Data Based
Phase Two [Real Time]: Automatic Drill-Off Test
Data Selection Cleansing and Processing
Geological Calibration
Inverse Distance Weight (IDW).
Phase One (input) Constrained Random Search (CRS) Update [WOB, RPM]
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The Proposed Approach
At 4,000 ft
Well with a drilling problem.
Wells contributing to the model in this section, no NPT.
Wells contributing to this depth step.
wi A weight for this well.
Well 1:WOB = 50 klb.𝜔1 = 1.6
Well 3:WOB = 48 klb.𝜔3 = 0.8
𝝎𝟑
𝝎𝟐
𝝎𝟏
𝝎𝟒 OutputWOB = 49.7 klb.
Well 2:WOB = 52 klb.𝜔2 = 1.2
Well 4:WOB = 45 klb.𝜔4 = 0.4
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Validation
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Phase One ModelData Health Index
(Uncertainty)
Formation Tops
Optimum Value
GPMRPM WOB GPM
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Phase Two Update
A visual of the automated drill-off test window, that illustrate the different pairs of WOB and RPM with the
resulted ROP
Jump/adjustment of phase one recommendation as we entered a new geological formation.
ROP ft/hr
WOB
RPM
Heat Map ROP
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Results
WOB GPMRPMROP
Trial DataPhase one and Phase two
Optimal
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Model Generated
𝑅𝑂𝑃! = &"#$
%
𝑊&" 2/(1 + 𝑒'& ('(,'()*+('(,*,-.+('(,+/-.+0'( ) − 1) + 𝑏&
A new relationship was derived from the ANN model using the biases and weights of neurons-connections among the input, hidden and output layers. The new ROP correlation is shown in the following Equation:
fitnetWOBRPMGPM
W
b+
tansig W
b+
tansig
ROP
Output
Inpu
t
17-neuron
Hidden 1-Layer Output Layer
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Act
ual R
OP
vs
Pred
icte
d R
OP
RMSE=9 RMSE=23 RMSE=44 RMSE=69
Comparison with Other ModelsC
orre
latio
n C
oeffi
cien
t
R= 0.41 R= -0.2R= 0.94 R= 0.76
ROP (ft/hr) ROP (ft/hr) ROP (ft/hr) ROP (ft/hr)
ActualBingham
ActualANN
ActualMaurer
ActualAhmed
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25% Higher ROP Achieved, compared with the top 10 offset wells.
Rat
e of
Pen
etra
tion
(ft/h
r)
Depth (ft)
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Thank You
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Longitude
Latit
ude
WO
B
50.0
New Well Location
Depth (ft): 5551 ft
WOB Kriging: 50 klb
WOB IDW: 58 klb
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WOB at Depth (ft): 5551 ftWOB IDW: 58 klb
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WOB at Depth (ft): 5551 ftWOB Max Entropy: 47.9 klb
WOB IDW: 58 klb
Den
sity
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IDW
∑!"#$"%𝑤!𝑛
= 1
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WOB at Depth (ft): 5551 ft
54.8
Normal distributionSigma=3
Normal Kernel (the normal kernel is often used, which means K(x) = ϕ(x), where ϕ is the standard normal density function.)
Smoothing=4
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v ANN Method Development
Data distribution 65 / 35 70 / 30 75 / 25 80 / 20 85 / 15
# of Neurons 20 - 0 20 - 10 10 - 10 10 - 20 15 - 10 15 - 10 17 - 0 18 - 0
Training functions trainlm trainbr trainbfg traingd traingdm trainb trainoss trains
Transfer functions tansig hardlims poslin radbas compet purelin softmax tirbas netinv
Network functions fitnet feedforwardnet cascadeforwardnet
fitnetWOBRPMGPM
W
b+
tansig W
b+
tansig
ROP
Output
Inpu
t
17
Hidden Layer Output Layer
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• HIGHT ROP AT WHICH CUTTINGS ARE BEING GENERATED TOO FAST TO BE CLEANED FROM THE ANNULUS;
• HIGH WOB THAT WILL GENERATE EXCESSIVE TORQUE FOR THE TOP DRIVE;
• HIGH WOB THAT WILL GENERATE EXCESSIVE TORQUE FOR THE DRILL PIPE; AND
• HIGH RPM THAT CAUSES EXCESSIVE VIBRATION OF THE DERRICK.
• HIGHT GPM THAT WILL INDUCE LOSSES.
24
https://www.iadc.org/
: