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Henfaes Research Station
Davey Jones Professor of Soil & Environmental Science
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Canolfan Ymchwil Henfaes Henfaes Research Centre
Canolfan Rheolaeth Bryndir ac Ucheldir
Centre for Hill & Upland Management
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Summary of Henfaes
• From the lowland to the upland
• 49 ha experimental farm – crops, agroforestry, sheep
• 209 ha upland sheep farm – Centre for Hill & Upland Management (CHUM)
– 1600 sheep, managed commercially
• Grazing rights for 1850 ewes on the Carneddau – 1000 grazed due to Rhaglen Tir Eryri
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Agri-environment schemes
• Henfaes is highly designated
– Was in Tir Gofal
– Was in Rhaglen Tir Eryri
– Now in Glastir Advanced
– Reduced (or no) fertiliser inputs
– Re-seed programme
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MEP
CS 1978 Surveyor Training See http://www.countrysidesurvey.org.uk/
2013-14
Surveyor Training
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Industry events
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Henfaes sheep system: summary
• Welsh Mountain sheep
– CAMDA breed improvement programme
• Feed blocks and silage
• Singles lambed outdoors on lowland; twins housed
• Sheep moved to Aber valley in mid-April; mountain in May
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Lowland farm
Upland farm
Common grazing
252 hectares
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Diversity of habitats
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Diversity of soils
Saltmarsh Coastal brown earths
Neutral Brown earths
Gleys
Acid Brown earths
Brown podzolics
Peaty rankers
Podzols
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Welsh soils are very diverse
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Land use research
Lowlands
Fundamental science Applied Science Practice
Uplands
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Shelterbelt experiment establishment
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MENTERRA 2003-2007+
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Climate change effects on soil
• How will soils respond to a changing climate in terms of nutrient cycling
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Climate change responses
How will Welsh landscapes respond to climate change?
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Soil responses to flooding
Dead grass
Anaerobic H2S layer
Loss of worms
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Can biochar improve soil quality?
• Can we lock up carbon in the soil and improve soil quality (e.g. nutrient retention, soil structure)?
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Silvopastoral agroforestry: 1992-present
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BangorDIVERSE
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Birds or soil: which is more important?
Ecosystem services approach
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Outwintering livestock
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Pros and cons of forage grazing
Pros
• Good for birds
• Easy to manage
• Better animal health
Cons
• Bad for soil quality
• Risk of soil erosion
• Higher greenhouse gas emissions
• Run-back areas need to well planned
• Poor animal health
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Risk of human pathogens
1 cow sheds 500,000,000 cells d-1 / human infective dose = 10
E. coli O157 Farmer immunity
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Bioreduction of fallen stock
3 months
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Improving phosphorus use efficiency
Can deep rooting varieties improve the uptake of P from soil?
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Improving nitrogen use efficiency
1. In situ nitrogen sensors 2. Nitrification inhibitors 3. Use of clover 4. Diet vs GHG emissions
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Assessing below-ground (soil) biodiversity in Wales
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What do we mean by soil biodiversity?
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Phylum
Bacterial taxa across the samples
Genus
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Conclusions
• Lowland upland platform • Long history of research • Diversity of land use (soils and vegetation) • Diverse research • Fundamental science through to application • Interdisciplinary • Good infrastructure • Good industry liaison