Download - Dd of peripheral vertigo mbbs 2010
VertigoDefinition:A sensation of rotation in which the subject him/herself feels rotating or the substances of his /her surrounding seem to be rotating.
Size of the problem:• Vertigo –common condition in adults • 5-10 % of all patients in general practice• 10-20% patients seen by otolaryngologists and
neurologists• 33 % of people by 65 years of age
VertigoCauses of Vertigo/ Dizziness/Imbalance:
A. Systemic medical conditionsEndocrine-Hypoglycemia, adrenal failureCardiovascular-Vasovagal, embolism, dysrrrythmiasHematological-Anemia, hyperviscosity
B. Neurological disordersCerebral--Multiple sclerosis, degeneration, drugsCerebellar-tumors, strokes, masses, bleedingPsychological-Anxiety, phobias, panic attacks
C. Peripheral labyrinth
VertigoCauses of Peripheral Vertigo• BPPV• Meniere’s Disease • Secondary endolymphatic hydrops• Labyrinthitis• Ototoxicity• Vestibular neuritis• Perilymph and labyrinthine fistula• Trauma to inner ear• Acoustic neuroma• Vascular lesions of the inner ear• Auto-immune inner ear disease• Superior SCC dehiscence
BPPV• The most common vestibular disorder• Incidence about 64/100000 population• Usually is self-limiting.• Originally described by Barany in 1921• Defined by Dix and Hallpike
B-Benign P-ParoxysmalP-PositionalV-Vertigo
Definition:A disorder characterized by brief attacks of vertigo precipitated by certain changes in head position with respect to gravity.
BPPVPathophysiology:Detached otoconia of maculae get either attached to the cupula or remain floating within the duct of a semicircular canal Canalolithiasis refers to mobile calcium carbonate debris that moves within the canal during certain head movements resulting in stimulation of the cupula, which in turn causes vertigo and nystagmus. This mechanism is the most commonCupulolithiasis occurs when the calcium carbonate material becomes attached to the cupula itself, rendering it sensitive to gravity.
BPPVPathophysiology contd…
Posterior----majorityLateral----some casesSuperior-----rare
BPPVEtiology:
Idiopathic- majority happen without apparent causeSecondary (predisposing factors)
Head traumaVestibular neuritisDegenerative disordersInfarction and inflammation of the labyrinthSurgical assault to the labyrinthProlonged bed rest
BPPVClinical features
Age: all ages most elderly, Sex: Female moreVertigo
May be intense, with nausea & vomiting, sudden Brief 10 -20 seconds but < 60 Frequent at times - patients constantly dizzyTypical movements of every day that trigger ;• rolling over in bed, getting up and out of bed • getting up abruptly, abrupt head movements• bending over as in tying shoe laces• craning head to take something of high shelf
No cochlear symptoms, No hearing lossNormal caloric tests
BPPVClinical features contd…
Positional test---(Dix-Hallpike maneuver)- characteristic
BPPVClinical features contd…
Positional test---(Dix-Hallpike)- characteristic• Nystagmus –direction according to canal affected • Latency- of several seconds (7-8 seconds)-several
seconds are necessary for the hydrodynamic drag of the particles to begin to pull on the affected cupula.
• Duration 5-10 seconds but < 30 seconds• Intense- in severity at times• Reversal of nystagmus after return to upright position• Fatigable
BPPVTreatment
A. Reassurance-Benign nature, prognosis, recurrenceB. CRP-Canalolilith repositioning procedures
Procedures vary depending upon the canal affected by BPPVI. Epley canalolith repositioning procedure II. Semont liberatory maneuverIII. Brandt-Daroff exercises.
C. Singular neurectomy -transection of the nerve carrying signals from the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal.
D. Occlusion/Laser ablation of the posterior semicircular canal E. Labyrynthine sedatives-symptomatic
BPPVEpley canalolilith/ particle repositioning procedure The most commonly used for posterior canal BPPV • Seated position with the head turned toward the
affected ear
• The otoconial particles have settled into the lowest portion of the posterior SCC duct
BPPVEpley canalolilith/ particle repositioning procedure Rapidly lower the patient to Dix-Hallpike position (reclined 30 degrees beyond the level of the table)
• The otoconial particles move and come to rest at midpoint of duct
• Leave the patient in this position for 40 seconds after the nystagmus subsides
BPPVEpley canalolilith/ particle repositioning procedure Slowly roll the patient to the opposite side pausing briefly every 45 degrees until the affected ear is up
• The otoconial particles are entering into the crus communis
BPPVEpley canalolilith/ particle repositioning procedure Slowly roll the patient onto the right shoulder
• The otoconial particles are falling via the crus communis into the vestibule
BPPVEpley canalolilith/ particle repositioning procedure
Turn the head another 90° and the procedure is completed by sitting the patient upright
• The otoconial particles are repositioned back into the vestibule
BPPVEpley canalolilith/ particle repositioning procedure Contraindications of Epley procedure:
Severe neck disease Severe carotid stenosis
Post-procedure instructions:• Wait 10 minutes before allowing the patient to go
home• Do not let the patient drive home if possible• Not to let patient sleep with affected ear down• For one week avoid positions which would usually
provoke the vertigo• Not to lift heavy objects for about a week
Vestibular neuritis(Epidemic vertigo)
Definition: Self limiting inflammation of the vestibular part of the vestibule-cochlear nerve
Etiology:– Unknown but neurotropic viruses– Herpes simplex virus is thought to exist in
latent form in human vestibular ganglia.
Vestibular neuritis
Clinical features:– H/O preceding sore throat and other acute URTI – Both sexes are equally affected– Between the ages of 30 and 50– Vertigo• Violent, rotatory with nausea and vomiting • Aggravated by head movement • Less by keeping the head still and eyes shut.• Lasting several days • Recovery can take months
Vestibular neuritis
Clinical features contd…. • Nystagmus is typically unidirectional with the
quick phases beating towards the unaffected side.• Typical absence of auditory symptoms • Absence of other neurological symptoms and
signs.• Unilateral reduced or absent caloric response
Vestibular neuritis
Treatment:Symptomatic by labyrinthine sedatives
Prochlorperazine---5 mg TDSCinnarazine----25 mg TDSPromethazine----25 mg TDS
• Early mobilization and vestibular rehabilitation exercises facilitate compensation
Acoustic Neuroma(Vestibular Schwannoma)
• Commonest CPA angle tumour- about 78 %• Accounts -8-10 % of all intracranial tumour• Benign non-capsulated tumour arising from
schwann cells at glial –neurilemmal junction in IAM
• 60-80 % of which arise from the superior vestibular nerve
Acoustic Neuroma(Vestibular Schwannoma)
Clinical features:• Slow growing –no vertigo usually• Unilateral SNHL, sometimes sudden and / or
tinnitus• Trigeminal nerve involvement - numbness of face• Headache, ataxia and facial weakness -advanced
A patient presenting with an asymmetrical SNHL of unknown origin should be considered to suffer from a VS unless proved otherwise
Acoustic Neuroma(Vestibular Schwannoma)
Investigations:• High tone SNHL• Poor speech discrimination test• Tone decay test positive• Tests of recruitment negative• Canal paralysis but normal if from inferior
vestibular • Abnormal ABR• Gadolinium enhanced MRI diagnostic
Acoustic Neuroma(Vestibular Schwannoma)
Treatment:• Surgery – Various approaches
TranslabyrinthineMiddle fossaRetrosigmoid
• Streotactic radiotherapy ( Gamma Knife ) in less than 3 cm single high dose of radiation with precise targeting
Perilymph and labyrinthine fistula
Perilymph fistulaLeak through round and oval window
Following Severe nose blowingStrenuous exerciseBarotrauma/ Surgical trauma
Labyrinthine fistulaLeak through an abnormal third window
Following Chronic ear disease/surgery
Perilymph and labyrinthine fistula
Clinical FeaturesBrief episodes of vertigo with progressive SNHLSudden or fluctuating hearing loss at timesTinnitusFistula sign positive-in minority of patients
Treatment Removal of the causeConservative initially-bed rest, head elevation Sealing of the leak
Vascular lesions of the inner ear
• Arterial occlusion• Venous occlusion• Vascular loops
Selective or combined cochlear or vestibular symptoms