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Defining “culture”and cultural anthropology
Credit given to:
Howard Culbertson
at
Southern Nazarene University
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• “A few years ago I took a cultural anthropology class at a community college. This class studied people in great detail but never really mentioned what culture was. We assumed we were studying culture, but the [word culture] was never truly defined.”
• A student in Global Evangelism class
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Cultural Anthropology -- an academic discipline
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Cultural Anthropology -- an academic discipline
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Cultural Anthropology -- an academic discipline
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Cultural Anthropology -- an academic discipline
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Cultural Anthropology -- an academic discipline
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Culture is what makes you a stranger when you are away from home
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Defining culture
1. Philip Bock – What makes you a stranger when you’re away from home
2. Ruth Benedict – learned patterns
3. Charles Kraft – Complex, integrated coping mechanism
4. Bob Sjogren -- What makes us “us” and them “them”
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Viewing culture as successive levels Diagram by Lloyd Kwast
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An iceberg as an analogy of culture
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From Gary Weaver in Culture, Communication and Conflict: Readings in Intercultural Relations
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Culture is a complex, integrated coping mechanism.
Culture consists of1. Learned concepts and behavior 2. Underlying perspectives (worldview)3. Resulting products
• nonmaterial (customs and rituals) • material (artifacts)
– Chuck Kraft’s definition
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Scattered thoughts about Cultural Anthropology
• It’s holistic (as opposed to atomistic or narrow)
• It’s comparative– Etic (from outsider’s vantage point)– Emic (from an insider’s vantage point
• Perspectives run the gamut from relativism to ethnocentrism
• You will get your hands dirty (fieldwork)
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• What makes up a culture?
• What are those learned patterns and behaviors?
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Cultural Universals
George Murdock’s 70 cultural universals
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age-gradingathletic sportsbodily adornmentcalendarcleanliness trainingcommunity organizationcookingco-operative laborcosmologycourtshipdancingdecorative artdivinationdivision of labordream interpretationeducationeschatology
ethicsethno-botanyetiquettefaith healingfamily feastingfire-makingfolklorefood taboosfuneral ritesgamesgesturesgift-givinggovernmentgreetingshair styleshospitality
housinghygieneincest taboosinheritance rulesjokingkin groupskinship nomenclaturelanguagelawluck / superstitionsmagicmarriagemealtimesmedicineobstetricspenal sanctionspersonal names
population policypostnatal carepregnancy usagesproperty rightspropitiation of supernatural beingspuberty customsreligious ritualresidence rulessexual restrictionssoul conceptsstatus differentiationsurgerytool-makingtradevisitingweather control weaving
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9 cultural universals
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1. Place and time
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2. Family life
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4. Food, clothing, shelter and transportation
See note
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Note: “Drives” vs. culture
• Hunger is a basic human psycho-biological drive.
• How that hunger is satisfied involves all kinds of cultural things (what is eaten, how it is prepared, how it is eaten . . .).
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5. Communication
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6. Government
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7. Arts and recreation
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8. Education
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9. Quest for the supernatural
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Sociocultural change
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Is it worth my time?
• Question: Why study cultural anthropology?
• Answer: To enrich a college education by giving new insights about ourselves and our own cultural context as well as stretching our imaginations.