![Page 1: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Defining the Boundaries of Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about the Volcanic Field about
Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Implications for Volcanic
Hazard StudiesHazard Studies
Eugene SmithEugene Smith
Deborah KeenanDeborah KeenanUNLV and Geoscience ConsultantsUNLV and Geoscience Consultants
V31E-03
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TMBM
PCF
SB
LW
QCF
Amargosa Desert
Jackass Flats
CraterFlat
YuccaFlat
Yucca Mountain
Studies of volcanism are Studies of volcanism are importantimportant
because basaltic activity hasbecause basaltic activity has
occurred in the Yucca Mountainoccurred in the Yucca Mountain
area since 11.2 Ma and eightarea since 11.2 Ma and eight
Quaternary alkali basalt Quaternary alkali basalt volcanoesvolcanoes
ranging in age from 1 Ma to 80 ranging in age from 1 Ma to 80 kaka
occur within 50 km of theoccur within 50 km of the
proposed repositoryproposed repository
Base map from F. Perry (LANL)
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TMBM
PCF
SB
LW
QCF
Timber Mountain Caldera Complex
Amargosa Desert
Jackass Flats
CraterFlat
YuccaFlat
AMRV
Crater Flat zone
Amargosa Trough
Base map from F. Perry (LANL)
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From presentation by Richard Carlson (PVHA-U)
A shrinking fieldMore or lesscentered on the Timber Mountaincaldera
Based on the AmargosaValley Isotope Province(AVIP) of Yogodzinskiand Smith (1995)
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Lunar Crater
Reveille Range
Yucca Mountain
Death Valley
Death Valley-Pancake Range Belt (Vaniman et al. 1982).
![Page 6: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Crater Flat-Lunar Crater Volcanic Field
From Smith et al. (2002) and Smith and Keenan (2005)
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Lunar Cratervolcanic field
Reveille Range
Buckboard Mesa
Sleeping Butte and Thirsty Mesa
CraterFlat Yucca Mountain
0 30Km
N
Index Map
38° N
37° N
117° W 116° W 115° W
![Page 9: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9.5-6.5 Ma
![Page 10: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
6.5-5.5 Ma
![Page 11: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5.5-4.5 Ma
![Page 12: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4.5-3.5 Ma
![Page 13: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3.5-2.5 Ma
![Page 14: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2.5-1.5 Ma
![Page 15: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1.5-0.5 Ma
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0.5-0.02 Ma
![Page 17: Defining the Boundaries of the Volcanic Field about Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies Eugene Smith Deborah Keenan UNLV and](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020417/56649f525503460f94c761d5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
0 30Km
N
38° N
37° N
117° W 116° W 115° W
0.5-0.02 Ma
2.5-1.5 Ma
5.5-4.5 Ma
6.5-5.5 Ma
9.5-6.5 Ma
4.5-3.5 Ma
3.5-2.5 Ma
1.5-0.5 Ma
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0 30Km
N
38° N
37° N
117° W 116° W 115° W
0.5-0.02 Ma
2.5-1.5 Ma
5.5-4.5 Ma
6.5-5.5 Ma
9.5-6.5 Ma
4.5-3.5 Ma
3.5-2.5 Ma
1.5-0.5 Ma
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0 30Km
N
38° N
37° N
117° W 116° W 115° W
0.5-0.02 Ma
2.5-1.5 Ma
5.5-4.5 Ma
6.5-5.5 Ma
9.5-6.5 Ma
4.5-3.5 Ma
3.5-2.5 Ma
1.5-0.5 Ma
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0123456789101112131415
AgeN
um
ber
of
Eve
nts
Lunar Crater-Reveille
Crater Flat
Number of Volcanic Events vs. Age
0.5 m.y. bins
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Magnetic Anomalies in the Crater Flat-Amargosa Desert Area
From O’Leary et al. (2002)
Age of buried volcanoesUnknown
If many are 3.5 Ma thenhigher recurrence rates in the past 6 Ma
Because volcanism is episodic, another peakof activity with higherrecurrence rates is possible in the future.
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SouthwesternUtah
Coso-Big Pine
Crater Flat
Reveille
Lunar Crater
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0123456789101112131415
AgeN
um
ber
of
Eve
nts
Lunar Crater-Reveille
Crater Flat
SW Utah
Adding data from southwestern Utah
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0123456789101112131415
AgeN
um
ber
of
Eve
nts
Lunar Crater-Reveille
Crater Flat
Coso
Coso-Lone Pine Volcanic Field
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Melting beneath the Crater Flat–Lunar Crater zone is especially deep. Deep melting requires hot and buoyant mantle with mantle potentialtemperatures about 200 °C greater than those in the western Great Basin (Wang et al., 2002).
From Wang et al. (2002)
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Thickening of lithosphereduring Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic events along the western boundary of the craton,and thinning of lithospherebeneath the Sierra Nevadamay have resulted in the formation of a mantle keel.
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Asthenosphere
Lithospheric Mantle
Crust
Partial Melting
Mantle Eddy
Edge Effect Melting
Next Area of Hot Mantle
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Western US relative P-velocity variations
Low velocity zones (red) may be areas of hotter lithosphere or asthenospheric.
From presentation by K. Dueker,University of Wyoming
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87Sr/86Sr
nd
Lunar Crater
Reveille Range
Yucca Mountain area
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
0.702 0.704 0.706 0.708 0.71
What is the explanation for the different isotopic What is the explanation for the different isotopic and trace element characteristics between Lunar and trace element characteristics between Lunar Crater and Crater Flat?Crater and Crater Flat?
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ModelModel
Crust
LM
Asthenosphere
LCLC
Lunar Crater type magma produced by melting of asthenospheric mantle
1% melting of harzburgite 4.6 ppm Nd, 143Nd/144Nd=0.511514, Nd=-20
LC + 8% LM melt
Crater Flat type magma
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0.5116
0.5118
0.512
0.5122
0.5124
0.5126
0.5128
0.513
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210
Nd (ppm)
143/1
44
Nd
143 N
d/14
4 Nd
Lunar Crater
8%
Crater Flat
Is there an oldLithospheric mantle(early Proterozoic or lateArchean) in the southernGreat Basin?
Lee et al. (2001) in NatureIndicate that old LMexists in Great Basin.Re-Os model ages of 1.8 to 3.4 Ga.
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Main PointsMain Points
Consider Crater Consider Crater Flat-Lunar Crater Flat-Lunar Crater belt when doing belt when doing hazard hazard assessment.assessment.
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Main PointsMain Points
Magma generation Magma generation controlled by controlled by interaction of interaction of lithosphere and lithosphere and mantle.mantle.
Partial melting of Partial melting of asthenosphere to asthenosphere to produce basalt produce basalt magma.magma.
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Main PointsMain Points
Geochemistry of basalt in Yucca Mountain Geochemistry of basalt in Yucca Mountain area may be explained by contamination area may be explained by contamination with old (Archean) mafic lithospheric with old (Archean) mafic lithospheric mantle.mantle.
Crust
LM
AsthenosphereLC
LC
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Main PointsMain Points
Volcanism is episodic Volcanism is episodic and future peaks of and future peaks of activity are possible activity are possible within the within the compliance period compliance period especially if the new especially if the new EPA standard is used EPA standard is used (1 Ma).(1 Ma).
Recurrence rates of Recurrence rates of 11-15 events/m.y. 11-15 events/m.y. possible.possible.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0123456789101112131415
Age
Nu
mb
er o
f E
ven
tsLunar Crater-Reveille
Crater Flat